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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary - Cruz
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (sooth) regions. |
| Golgi Complex | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, & route products of the endoplasmic reticulum & synthesize some products, notably non cellulose carbohydrates. |
| Lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. |
| Membrane-Bound | Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, these organelles (mitochondria, lysosome) are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (membrane). Allows organelles within the cells to control what enters & leaves by using selectively permeable membrane. |
| Mitochondrion | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the cite of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP. |
| Organelles | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| Ribosome | A complex of rRNA & protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large & small subunit. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells. |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
| Apoptosis | A type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell. |
| ATP Synthesis | Found in inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic & in the plasma of prokaryotic. Complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis w/ adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy hydrogen ion concentration gradient for ATP. |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into a organic compound by an autotrophic organism. |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | A chemical cycle involving 8 steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA. to CO2; occurs within the mitochondria in eukaryotic & in cytosol of prokaryotes; together w/ pyruvate oxidation. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
| Grana | a stack of thylakoid discs. |
| Intracellular Transport | comprises both the correct targeting & the mechanism of transport of newly synthesized proteins & lipids to their destination & their retrieval from organelles & plasma membrane to maintain the structural & functional organization of a eukaryotic cell. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | The series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis that require light energy that is captured by light-absorbing pigments (such as chlorophyll) to be converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. |
| Photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occur in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes. |
| Stroma | The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Thylakoid | A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
| Turgor Pressure | The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis. |
| Membrane Exchange | the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide (the respiratory gases) move in opposite directions across an organism's respiratory membranes, between the air or water of the external environment and the body fluids of the internal environment. |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition. |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | is the amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects |
| Aqueous | A solution in which water is the solvent. |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |
| Compartmentalization | the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| Eukaryotic | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (proteins, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. |
| Intracellular | Located or occurring within a cell or cells. |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | theory suggesting that the organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts within the eukaryotic cell came about as a result of the early endosymbiosis between prokaryotic endosymbionts and eukaryotic host cell. |
| Prokaryotic | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. |
| Aqueous | a solution in which water is the solvent. |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | the currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |
| Glycolipid | a lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Glycoprotein | a protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Steroid | a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. |
| Cell Wall | protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan are important structural components of cell walls. |
| Channel Protein | type of transport protein, acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly. |
| Selective Permeability | a property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them. |
| Transport Protein | a transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. |
| Active Transport | movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure energy. |
| Concentration Gradient | region along which the density of a chemical substances increases or decreases |
| Endocytosis | cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane |
| Exocytosis | cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane |
| Passive Transport | the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy |
| Vesicle | a membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | complex of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. |
| Ion | atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring range |
| Polarization | is the existence of opposite electrical charges on either side of a cell membrane (difference in inside a cell versus the outside of the cell) |
| ATPase Enzyme | a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in ATP to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP). They harness the energy released from the breakdown of the phosphate bond and utilize it to perform other cellular reactions. |
| Homeostasis | the steady-state physiological condition of the body |
| Hypertonic | referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water. |
| Hypotonic | referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water. |
| Isotonic | referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell |
| Osmoregulation | regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organisms. |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Solute | a substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| Solvent | the dissolving agent of a solution |
| Tonicity | the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water |
| Water Potential | the physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure |
| Compartmentalization | refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
Created by:
evelyncruz
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