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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary - Catiis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast (2.1) | An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (2.1) | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribsome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. |
| Golgi Complex (2.1) | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates. |
| Lysosome (2.1) | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. |
| Membrane-bound (2.1) | Organelles that are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (membrane). Allows organelles to control what enters in/out the cell. |
| Mitochondrion (2.1) | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP. |
| Organelles (2.1) | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| Ribosome (2.1) | A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. |
| Vacuole (2.1) | A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells |
| Adenine TriPhosphate (ATP) (2.2) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
| Apoptosis (2.2) | A type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell. |
| ATP Synthesis (2.2) | ATP synthesis involves the transfer of electrons from the intermembrane space, through the inner membrane, back to the matrix. The function of ATP synthase is to produce ATP. |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle (2.2) | The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism. |
| Chlorophyll (2.2) | A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle (2.2) | the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria and converts ADP to ATP. |
| Electron Transport Chain (2.2) | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
| Grana (2.2) | A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. These function in the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Intracellular Transport (2.2) | The movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. Intracellular transport is required for maintaining homeostasis within the cell by responding to physiological signals. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions (2.2) | The first of two major stages in photosynthesis, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process. |
| Photosynthesis (2.2) | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes. |
| Photosystems (2.2) | A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. |
| Stroma (2.2) | A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant. |
| Thylakoid (2.2) | A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy into chemical energy. |
| Turgor Pressure (2.2) | The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis. |
| Membrane Exchange (2.3) | A semi-permeable membrane that transports certain materials. |
| Plasma Membrane (2.3) | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition. |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio (2.3) | The amount of surface area per unit of volume of an object or collection of objects. |
| Aqueous (2.4) | Of/or containing water, typically as a solvent of medium. |
| Fluid Mosaic Model (2.4) | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phopholipids. |
| Glycolipid (2.4) | A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Glycoprotein (2.4) | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Steroid (2.4) | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. |
| Cell Wall (2.5) | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose (plants/protists), chitin (fungi), and peptidoglycan (bacteria) are important structural components of cell walls. |
| Channel Protein (2.5) | A special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions. |
| Selective Permeability (2.5) | A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them. |
| Transport Protein (2.5) | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. |
| Active Transport (2.6) | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration/electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy. |
| Concentration Gradient (2.6) | A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |
| Endocytosis (2.6) | The taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole. |
| Exocytosis (2.6) | The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane. |
| Passive Transport (2.6) | The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy. |
| Vesicle (2.6) | A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. |
| Facilitated Diffusion (2.7) | The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure. |
| Ion (2.7) | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
| Polarization (2.7) | The act or process of producing a positive electrical charge and a negative electrical charge such that between a nerve cell internal electrical charge, which is negative, and the surrounding environment of a nerve cell, which is positive. |
| ATPase Enzyme (2.7) | A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP). |
| Homeostasis (2.8) | The steady-state physiological condition of the body. |
| Hypertonic (2.8) | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water. |
| Hypotonic (2.8) | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water. |
| Isotonic (2.8) | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell. |
| Osmoregulation (2.8) | Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism. |
| Osmosis (2.8) | The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Solute (2.8) | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| Solvent (2.8) | The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. |
| Tonicity (2.8) | The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water. |
| Water Potential (2.8) | The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure. |
| Compartmentalization (2.10) | Cell compartmentalization refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| Eukaryotic (2.10) | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists plants, fungi, and animals) are all eukaryotes. |
| Intracellular (2.10) | Located or occurring within a cell or cells. |
| Endosymbiotic Theory (2.11) | The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism. |
| Prokaryotic (2.11) | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. |
Created by:
e.catiis
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