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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary - Cruz-Matias
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that capture energy from the sun to produce sugar |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | network of of membrane tubes within cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells: rough ER and smooth ER |
| Golgi Complex | series of flattened membrane-bound sacs found in eukaryotic cells, involved in correct folding & chemical modification of newly synthesized proteins & packaging for protein trafficking |
| Lysosome | Membrane-enclosed sacs found in some eukaryotic cells that contain hydrolyctic enzymes (digest damaged cell parts & macromolecules) |
| Membrane-Bound | organelles bound by a phospholipid bi-layer (membrane) |
| Mitochondrion | organelle in eukaryotic cells that perform cellular respiration |
| Organelles | membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions |
| Ribosome | made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) & proteins, synthesize protein according to mRNA sequences |
| Vacuole | membrane-bound sacs found in eukaryotic cells, range from storage of water & other macromelucules to release of waste from a cell |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | energy carrying molecule that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed |
| Apoptosis | a type of programmed cell death |
| ATP Synthesis | how ATP is made? |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | 2nd of 2 major stages in photosynthesis, involving a fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate. |
| Chlorophyll | green pigment in membranes of chloroplasts in plants, responsible for absorption of light to provide energy in photosynthesis |
| Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle | chemical cycle involving 8 steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide |
| Electron Transport Chain | sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |
| Grana | stacks of thylakoids in the chloroplasts |
| Intracellular Transport | the movement of vesicles and substances within a cell |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, convert solar energy to chemical energy of ATP , releasing oxygen |
| Photosynthesis | conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars |
| Photosystems | light capturing units that are in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, complexes of pigments that capture solar energy |
| Stroma | fluid between the inner chloroplast membrane & outside thylakoids, Calvin cycle occurs here |
| Thylakoid | flattened membranous sac in chloroplasts, exist in stacks called grana, contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy |
| Turgor Pressure | internal cellular force, caused by water pushing up against the plasma membrane & cell wall (in vacuoles) |
| Compartmentalization | the way organelles in eukaryotic cells work in separate areas in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently |
| Eukaryotic | a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| Intracellular | located or occurring within a cell or cells |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism |
| Prokaryotic | a single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles |
| Membrane Exchange | how substances pass through the membrane? |
| Plasma Membrane | membrane that separates internal and external environments of a cell |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | what allows cells to adequately exchange materials w/ the environment |
| Aqueous | related to water |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | model of cell membrane structure , the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids |
| Glycolipid | lipid with 1 or more carbohydrate attached |
| Glycoprotein | 1 or more carbohydrate attacked to a membrane protein |
| Steroid | lipid, 4 fused hydrocarbon rings with various chemical attached to them that determine which specific steroid it is |
| Cell Wall | structural wall the protects and maintains shape of cell |
| Channel Protein | basically doorways, allows molecules to pass through |
| Selective Permeability | property of membranes that allows them to regulate passage of substances across them |
| Transport Protein | protein that allows substances to move across the membrane |
| Active Transport | moves molecules (and/or ions) against the concentration gradient from low concentration to high concentration |
| Concentration Gradient | difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas |
| Endocytosis | cell eating/engulfing that leads to endosymbiosis |
| Exocytosis | internal vesicles use energy to fuse w/ plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell |
| Passive Transport | net movement of molecules from high to low concentration w/o metabolic energy |
| Vesicle | membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell , main function is to store and transport substances throughout the cell |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | catalyzes the synthesis of ATP |
| Facilitated Diffusion | movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration through transport proteins |
| Ion | atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge |
| Polarization | condition of polarity |
| ATPase Enzyme | catalyzes the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in ATP to form ADP |
| Homeostasis | balance of a cell, organism's ability to keep a constant internal environment |
| Hypertonic | more solute and less solvent |
| Hypotonic | less solute and more solvent |
| Isotonic | equal solute and solvent |
| Osmoregulation | maintains water balance and allows control of internal solute composition/water potential |
| Osmosis | diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Solute | substance being dissolved |
| Solvent | substance that dissolved solute |
| Tonicity | measurement of the relative concentration of solute between 2 solutions (inside and outside the cell) |
| Water Potential | measures the tendency of water to move by osmosis |
Created by:
bryann.c
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