Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AP Biology Unit 2
AP Biology Uit 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | (in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. (ER) |
| Golgi Complex | A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes inside the cell's cytoplasm . The Golgi complex prepares proteins and lipid molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell. The Golgi complex is a cell organelle. |
| Lysosome | an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane. |
| Membrane- Bound | Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, meaning that these organelles are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (membrane). This allows organelles within the cells to control what enters and leaves it by using a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Mitochondrion | The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It is the power house of the cell; it is responsible for cellular respiration and production of (most) ATP in the cell. |
| Organelles | An organelle is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body. Among the more important cell organelles are the nuclei, which store genetic information |
| Ribosome | a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins. |
| Vacuole | a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid. |
| Adenosine triPhosphate (ATP) | Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is a molecule that carries energy within cells. It is the main energy currency of the cell, and it is an end product of the processes of photophosphorylation , cellular respiration, and fermentation |
| Apoptosis | the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development. |
| Adenine triphosphate synthesis | Most of the ATP in cells is produced by the enzyme ATP synthase, which converts ADP and phosphate to ATP. ATP synthase is located in the membrane of cellular structures called mitochondria; in plant cells, the enzyme also is found in chloroplasts. |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short-lived electronically excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds that can be used by the organism |
| Chlorophyll | Chlorophyll is the pigment that gives plants their green color. It helps plants absorb energy and get their nutrients from the sunlight during a process known as photosynthesis |
| Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle | The citric acid cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. |
| Electrons Transport Chain | The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons across a membrane. |
| Grana | Grana are stacks of structures called thylakoids, on which the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place. the shape of the thylakoids allow for optimum surface area, maximizing the amount of photosynthesis that can happen. |
| Intracellular transport | Intracellular transport is the movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. Intracellular transport is required for maintaining homeostasis within the cell by responding to physiological signals. |
| Light-dependant reactions | The light-dependent reactions use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH. |
| Photosynthesis | the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct. |
| Photosystems | Photosystems are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis that together carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis: the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons. |
| Stroma | the supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, etc., consisting of connective tissues and blood vessels |
| Thylakoid | each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana. |
| Turgor Pressure | Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall |
| Plasma Membrane | The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. In bacterial and plant cells, a cell wall is attached to the plasma membrane on its outside surfac |
| Surface area to Volume ratio | The surface-area-to-volume ratio, also called the surface-to-volume ratio and variously denoted sa/vol or SA:V, is the amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects. |
| Aqueous | An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is mostly shown in chemical equations by appending to the relevant chemical formula |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | The fluid mosaic model is consistent with most experimental observations. This model states that the components of a membrane such as proteins or glycolipids, form a mobile mosaic in the fluid-like environment created by a sea of phospholipids |
| Glycolipid | Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that.. |
| Glycoprotein | Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. |
| Steroid | A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. as important components of cell membranes which alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules. |
| Cell Wall | a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants it consists mainly of cellulose. |
| Channel Protein | A channel protein is a special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions |
| Selective Permeability | Selective permeability is a property of cellular membranes that only allows certain molecules to enter or exit the cell. Movement across a selectively permeable membrane can occur actively or passively. |
| Transport Protein | A transport protein is a protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism. Transport proteins are vital to the growth and life of all living things. There are several different kinds of transport proteins |
| Active Transport | active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement. |
| Concentration Gradient | Concentration gradient refers to the gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution. A solution, essentially, has two major components, the solvent and the solute . |
| Endocytosis | Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested material. |
| Exocytosis | Exocytosis is a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell by secreting them through an energy-dependent process. |
| Passive Transport | Passive transport is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. Instead of using cellular energy, |
| Vesicle | a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion, uptake and transport of materials within the plasma membrane. |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | The ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Facilitated diffusion is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins |
| Ion | an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. |
| Polarization | Polarization is a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations. In a transverse wave, the direction of the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the wave. |
| Homeostasis | homeostasis is the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance |
| Hypertonic | having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. |
| Hypotonic | having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. |
| Isotonic | denoting or relating to a solution having the same osmotic pressure as some other solution, especially one in a cell or a body fluid. |
| Osmoregulation | Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content |
| Osmosis | Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. |
| Solute | a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. |
| Solvent | A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid |
| Tonicity | Tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a semipermeable cell membrane |
| Water Potential | Water potential is the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions |
| Compartmentalization | Cell compartmentalization refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| Eukaryotic | Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope. |
| Intercellular | Between cells, as in an intercellular bridge |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | The Endosymbiotic Theory states that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote). |
| Prokaryotic | A prokaryote is a cellular organism that lacks an envelope-enclosed nucleus. |
Created by:
gregoriochavez831
Popular Biology sets