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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary-Navarro
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. |
| Golgi Complex | prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell |
| Lysosome | an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane. |
| Membrane-Bound | organelles surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer |
| Mitochondrion | responsible for cellular respiration and production of (most) ATP in the cell |
| Organelles | a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body |
| Ribosome | macromolecular machines, found within all living cells, that perform biological protein synthesis |
| Vacuole | vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | an organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells |
| Apoptosis | a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms |
| ATP Synthesis | involves the transfer of electrons from the intermembrane space, through the inner membrane, back to the matrix |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | the process by which inorganic carbon is added to an organic molecule. Carbon fixation occurs during the light independent reaction of photosynthesis and is the first step in the C3 or Calvin Cycle. |
| Chlorophyll | the pigment that gives plants their green color. It helps plants absorb energy and get their nutrients from the sunlight during a process known as photosynthesis |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins |
| Electron Transport Chain | a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons across a membrane |
| Grana | stacks of structures called thylakoids |
| Intracellular Transport | the movement of vesicles and substances within a cell |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | Use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH |
| Photosynthesis | process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's metabolic activities |
| Photosystems | a biochemical mechanism in plants by which chlorophyll absorbs light energy for photosynthesis |
| Stroma | the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast |
| Thylakoid | each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana. |
| Turgor Pressure | the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall |
| Plasma Membrane | the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | s the amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects |
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