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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants & photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight & uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide & water |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continous with the outer nuclear membrane & composed of ribosome-studded (rough) & ribosome-free (smooth) regions |
| Golgi Complex | A series of flattened membrane-bound sacs found in eukaryotic cells; involved in the folding & chemical modification of newly synthesized proteins. |
| Lysosome | Membrane-enclosed sacs in some eukaryotic cells that have hydrolytic enzymes. |
| Membrane-Bound | The phospholipid bilayer that surrounds an organelle. |
| Mitochondrion | (plural, mitochondria) An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules & synthesize ATP. |
| Organelles | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized function, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| Ribosome | A complex of rRNA & protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large & small subunit. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different parts of the cell. |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
| Aptosis | A type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell. |
| ATP Synthesis | The transfer of electrons from the intermembrane space, through the inner membrane, back to the matrix. The transfer of electrons from the matrix to the intermembrane space leads to a substantial pH difference between the two sides of the membrane. |
| Carbon-Fixation Cycle / Calvin-Benson Cycle | The second of 2 major stages in photosynthesis, involving carbon fixation, which is the initial incorporation of CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism. |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants & algae & in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll alpha participates directly in light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy. |
| Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle | A chemical cycle involving 8 steps that completes the metabolic break down of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide; occurs in mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells & in the cytosol of prokaryotes. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
| Grana | Highly folded, stacked membrane thylakoids in the chloroplast. They function in light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Intracellular Transport | The movement of molecules and substances within a cell. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | Reactions in photosynthesis that use light energy to make 2 molecules needed for the next stage. They occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. |
| Photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae & some prokaryotes |
| Photosystems | Light-capturing units located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. Two types: I & II |
| Stroma | Fluid between the inner chloroplast membrane and the outside thylakoids. It contains ribosomes & DNA. Where carbon fixation occurs. |
| Thylakoid | A flattened, membranous sac inside the chloroplast . They often exist in stacks called grana. |
| Turgor Pressure | The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis. |
| Membrane Exchange | Semi-permeable membrane that transports certain dissolved ions, while blocking other ions or neutral molecules. |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical position. |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | The amount of surface area per unit volume of an object. Small objects/cells have a large SA:V, larger cells have a lower SA:V |
| Aqueous | Relating to water; (solution) when water is the solvent |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | The model of cell membrane structure in which the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |
| Glycolipid | Lipids with one or more carbohydrates attached |
| Glycoprotein | One or more carbohydrates attached to a protein |
| Steroid | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. |
| Cell Wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. |
| Channel Protein | Hydrophilic tunnels that molecules or atomic ions use through the membrane. |
| Selective Permeability | A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them. |
| Transport Protein | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. It is specific to the protein it moves. |
| Active Transport | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, requiring a direct input of energy. |
| Concentration Gradient | A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |
| Endocytosis | Cellular uptake of biological molecules & particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane. (move large moleucles into the cell) |
| Exocytosis | The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane. |
| Passive Transport | The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy. |
| Vesicle | A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | A complex of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins without energy. |
| Ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
| Polarization | The act or process of producing a positive electrical charge and a negative electrical charge such that between a nerve cell internal electrical charge, which is negative, and the surrounding environment of a nerve cell, which is positive. |
| ATPase Enzyme | Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP). |
| Homeostasis | The steady-state physiological condition of the body. |
| Hypertonic | A solution that when surrounding a cell will make it lose water. |
| Hypotonic | A solution that when surrounding a cell will make it take up water. |
| Isotonic | A solution that when surrounding a cell causes no net movement of water in or out of the cell. |
| Osmoregulation | Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. |
| Tonicity | The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water. |
| Water Potential | The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration & applied pressure. |
| Compartmentalization | The way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| Eukaryotic | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus & membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, animals) are called eukaryotes. |
| Intracellular | Located or ocurring within a cell or cells. |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | The theory that mitochondria & plastids, including cholorplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell & its host cell then evolved into a single organism. |
| Prokaryotic | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus & membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells ( bacteria & archaea) are called prokaryotes. |
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AmericaC
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