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Unit 2
Ap Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photsynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | A extensive membrenous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome- studded (rough) and ribosome- free (smooth) regions. |
| Golgi Complex | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably nocellulose carbohydrates. |
| Lysosome | A membrane- enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. |
| Membrane-Bound | Eukaryotic cells contain membrane- bound organelles, meaning that these organelles are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (membrane). This allows organelles within the cells to control what enters and leaves it by using a selectively permeable membrane |
| Mitochondrion | (plural for mitochondria) An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration: uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP. |
| Organelles | Any of several membrane- enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| Ribosome | A complex of RNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm: consisting of a large and small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. See also nucleolus. |
| Vacuole | A membrane- bound vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells. |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | An adenine- containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
| Apoptosis | A type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell. |
| ATP Synthesis | ATP synthesis involves transfer of electrons from intermembrane space through the innermembrane ,back to the matrix. The transfer of electrons from the matrix to the inter membrane space leads to a substantial pH difference b/w the 2 sides of the membrane |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | The initial incorporation of carbon Co2 into an organic into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoatrophic prokaryote) |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy. |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | Chemical cycle with 8 steps that complete the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from water) to Co2; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy to make ATP. |
| Grana | A stack of membrane- bounded thrlakouds in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Intracellular Transport | The movement of vesicles and substances within the cell. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions Fluid Mosiac Model | Uses light energy to make 2 molecules needed for next stage of photosynthesis the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier. In plants, it takes place in the thlakoid membrane of the organelles |
| Photosynthesis | The conversion of light enerfy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds: occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes. |
| Photosystems | Light capturing unit found in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast or in membrane of some prokaryotes,consisting of a reaction- center complex surrounded by many light- harvesting complexes. -2 types photostems I&II that absorb light best at diff mavelengths |
| Stroma | The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Thylakoid | A flattened membranous sac inside the chloroplast. They often inside stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
| Turgor Pressure | The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis. |
| Membrane Exchange | Examples: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration and or osmosis. |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition. |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | To calculate the S/V ratio, simply divide the surface area by the volume. |
| Aqueous | Anaqueous solution, is a type of solution wherein the solvent (dissolving medium) is water |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids |
| Glycolipid | A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Steroid | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. |
| Cell Wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cell of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysacchrides like cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are important structural components of cell walls. |
| Channel Protein | A channel protein, a type of transport protein, acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly. Water channel proteins (aquaporins) allow water to diffuse across the membrane at a very fast route. |
| Selective Permeability | A property of biological membranes that allow them to regulate the passage of substances across them. |
| Transport Protein | A transmembrane protein that help a certain substance or class of closely regulated substances to cross the membrane. |
| Active Transport | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy. |
| Concentration Gradient | A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |
| Endocytosis | Cellular uptake of biological molecules and partiulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane. |
| Exocytosis | The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane |
| Passive Transport | The diffussion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy. |
| Vesicle | The membranous sac in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | Complex of membrane proteins- function in chemiosis,with adjacent electron transport chains,using energy of hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. -found in inner mitochondria membranes of eukaryotic cells and in plasma membranes of prokaryotes |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins,requiring no energy expenditure. |
| Ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus aquiring a charge. |
| Polarization | Pertains to the process of producing a positive electrical charge and negative electrical charge such that between a nerve cell internal electrical charge, which is negative, and the surrounding environment of a nerve cell, which is positive. |
| ATPase Enzyme | ATPases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate to form adenosine diphosphate. |
| Homeostasis | The steady- state physiological condition of the body. |
| Hypertonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water. |
| Hypotonic | Referring to solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to make up water. |
| Isotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell |
| Osmoregulation | Regulation of solute concentration and water balanced by a cell or organism |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of free water across o selectively permeable membrane |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. |
| Tonicity | The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to lose or gain water. |
| Water Potential | The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure. |
| Compartmentalization | A cell compartilization refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently |
| Eukaryotic | A type of cell with membrane- enclosed nucleus and membrane- enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protistes, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. |
| Intracellular | Located or occurring within a cell or cells |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | This endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in today's eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. |
| Prokaryotic | A type of cell lacking a membrane- enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. |
Created by:
Selmaleal
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