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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photsynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions |
| Golgi Complex | A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes inside the cell’s cytoplasm (gel-like fluid); prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell |
| Lysosome | A membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists |
| Membrane-Bound | Organelles surrounded by phospholipid bilayer (membrane); allows organelles within the cell to control what enter and leaves |
| Mitochondrian | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP |
| Organelles | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| Ribosome | A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded vesicle who specialized function varies in different kinds of cells. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed |
| Apoptosis | a type of programmed cell death, which is caused by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell |
| ATP Synthesis | complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/ Calvin-Benson Cycle | initial corporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism / the second of two major stages in photosynthesis, involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate. |
| Chlorophyll | green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. |
| Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle | |
| Electron Transport Chain | sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |
| Grana | stack o membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplasts (function: photosynthesis) |
| Intracellular Transport | |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | |
| Photosynthesis | conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds |
| Photosystems | light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes |
| Stroma | dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA |
| Thylakoid | |
| Turgor Pressure | |
| Membrane Exchange | |
| Plasma Exchange | |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | |
| Aqueous | |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | |
| Glycolipid | |
| Glycoprotein | |
| Steroid | type of lipid characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached |
| Cell Wall | |
| Channel Protein | |
| Selective Permeability | |
| Transport Protein | |
| Active Transport | |
| Concentration Gradient | |
| Endocytosis | |
| Exocytosis | |
| Passive Transport | |
| Vesicle | |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | |
| Facilitated Diffusion | |
| Ion | |
| Polarization | |
| ATPase Enzyme | |
| Homeostasis | the steady-state physiological condition of the body |
| Hypertonic | when a surrounding cell will cause the cell to lose water |
| Hypotonic | when a surrounding cell will cause the cell to take up water |
| Isotonic | when a surrounding cell causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell |
| Osmoregulation | regulation of solute concentration and water balance by a cell or organism |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Solute | substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| Solvent | dissolving agent of a solution |
| Tonicity | ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water. |
| Water Potential | physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure. |
| Compartmentalization | |
| Eukaryotic | type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. |
| Intracellular | |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell |
| Prokaryotic | type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. |
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