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Unit 2
Ap Biology unit 2 vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranes network in Eukaryotic cells, continuous with outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded |
| Golgi Complex | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of that membranous sacs that modify |
| Lysosome | A membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of hydrolysis enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists |
| Membrane-Bound | The difference in electron charge across a cell plasma membrane due to the different distribution of ions |
| Mitochondrion | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP |
| Organelles | Any of several membrane enclosed structures with specialized functions suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells |
| Ribosome | A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that function as a site or protein molecules that functions as a site of proteins synthesis in the cytoplasm |
| Vacuole | A memerbane bounded vesicle whose specialized functions varies in different kind of cells |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | See ATP |
| Apoptosis | A type of programmed cell death which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell |
| ATP Synthesis | A complex of several membrane proteins that unctions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains using the energy of hydrogen ions |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | The initial inc oration of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an phototropic organism |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplast of plants and algae and in the membrane of certain prokaryotic |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic break-down of glucose molecules begun in electrolysis |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |
| Grana | are stacks of structures called thylakoids, which are little disks of membrane on which the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place |
| Intracellular Transport | is the movement of vesicles and substances within a cell |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | The first of two major stage in photosynthesis |
| Photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds occurs in plants, alge, and certain prokaryotic |
| Photosystems | A light capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes consisting of a reaction center complex surrounded by numerous light harvesting complexes |
| Stroma | The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA |
| Thylakoid | A flattend membranous sac inside a choloplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected |
| Turgor Pressure | The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier e=regulating the cells chemical composition |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | also called the surface-to-volume ratio and variously denoted sa/vol or SA:V, is the amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects. |
| Aqueous | of or containing water, typically as a solvent or medium. |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | is one way of understanding biological membranes, consistent with most experimental observations. |
| Glycolipid | A lipid with one or more contently attached carbohydrates |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with one or more contently attached carbohydrates |
| Steroid | A type or lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached |
| Cell Wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants prokaryotic fungi and some protists |
| Selective Permeability | is a property of cellular membranes that only allows certain molecules to enter or exit the cell |
| Transport Protein | is a protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism. |
| Active Transport | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient mediated by sopcific transport proteins and requiring an ex expenditure of energy |
| Concentration Gradient | A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases |
| Endocytosis | the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole. |
| Exocytosis | a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane. |
| Passive Transport | is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. |
| Vesicle | a small fluid-filled bladder, sac, cyst, or vacuole within the body. |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | is a mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP |
| Facilitated Diffusion | is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins |
| Ion | an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. |
| Polarization | Polarization (also polarisation) is a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations |
| Homeostasis | The steady sate physiological condition of The body |
| Hypertonic | Referring to a solution that when surrounding a cell will cause the cell to lose water |
| Hypotonic | Referring to a solution that when surrounding a cell will cause the cell to take up water |
| Isotonic | (of muscle action) taking place with normal contraction. |
| Osmoregulation | the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism by the control of water and salt concentrations. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane where articular or cellular |
| Solute | the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent. |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution water is the most versatile solvent known |
| Tonicity | The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water |
| Water Potential | The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow governed by solute concentration and applied pressure |
| Compartmentalization | the division of something into sections or categories. |
| Eukaryotic | any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus |
| Intracellular | located or occurring within a cell or cells |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | The theory that mitochondria and plastics including chloroplast originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral Eukaryota cell |
| Prokaryotic | also spelled procaryote, any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes. |
| membrane exchange | are semipermeable membranes in which an ionic functionality is fixed to the backbone of the membrane. |
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JohnnyMadaleno22
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