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Cell Biology
National 5 - Cell Biology - Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the mitochondria? | It is the site of aerobic respiration |
| What is the function of the cell membrane? | It controls what substances enter and exit the cell |
| Which organelle (structure) is the site of protein synthesis? | Ribosomes |
| Which organelle (structure) controls all cell activity? | Nucleus |
| Which organelle (structure) is only present in plant cells? | Chloroplasts |
| Which molecule makes up the structure of the plant cell wall? | Cellulose |
| State one structure that is only present in bacterial cells. | Plasmids or Free floating DNA (circular chromosomes) |
| State one difference between a plant and animal cell. | Plant cells have chloroplasts / vacuoles / cell walls and animals do not. |
| State one difference between a plant and yeast cell. | Plant cells have chloroplasts whereas yeast cells do not. |
| Which cell would have a higher number of mitochondria and why? A sperm cell or a skin cell | A sperm cell as they require more energy for movement. |
| Which type of plant cell does not contain chloroplasts? | Root cells (root hair cells - as they do not have sunlight for photosynthesis) |
| State the two components of the cell membrane. | Phospholipids and Proteins |
| Which molecules can pass through the membrane easily? | Small molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) |
| Which type of transport does not require energy? | Passive transport |
| Which type of transport requires energy? | Active transport |
| What is the definition of diffusion? | The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down a concentration gradient |
| What is the definition of osmosis? | The movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration, through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| What is the definition of active transport? | The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, against a concentration gradient. |
| Explain what would happen in terms of water movement if a red blood cell was placed in pure water. | Water would move into the cell from a high water concentration outside to a low water concentration inside. |
| What would happen to the structure of a red blood cell if it was placed in pure water? | The red blood cell would burst. |
| What would happen to the structure of a red blood cell if it was placed in a strong salt solution? | The red blood cell would shrink. |
| Explain what would happen in terms of water movement if a plant cell was placed in a strong salt concentration? | Water would move out of the cell from a high water concentration inside to a low water concentration outside. |
| What would happen to the structure of a plant cell if it was placed in pure water? | The plant cell would become turgid. |
| What would happen to the structure of a plant cell if it was placed in a strong sugar solution? | The plant cell would become plasmolysed. |
| If a plant cell was placed in pure water, would it weigh more or less at the end of the experiment? | More (as water moves into the cell from a high to low water concentration) |
| When two strands of DNA are coiled together, this is known as? | A Double Helix |
| How are the two strands of DNA held together? | By complementary base pairs. |
| What is the function of DNA? | DNA is the genetic information for making proteins. |
| State the name for a section of DNA that codes to make a specific protein. | a Gene |
| Which base pairs with Adenine? | Thymine |
| Which base pairs with Cytosine? | Guanine |
| If there are 1200 bases in total and 200 are adenine (A) – calculate how many are cytosine (C)? | 400 cytosine (200 A and 200 T = 400. 1200 - 400 = 800. 400 C and 400 G) |
| What is the function of mRNA? | Carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome. |
| Is mRNA single or double stranded? | Single |
| mRNA lines up at the ribosome, which molecules line up next to mRNA? | Amino Acids |
| When amino acids join together what do they create? | a Protein |
| If the base sequence changed, what would happen to the protein being made? | The proteins structure and function would change. |
| State the five types of protein that can be made. | (SHARE) Structural, hormonal, antibodies, receptors, enzymes |
| Which protein is a chemical messenger that travels in the bloodstream? | Hormones |
| Which protein is a biological catalyst that speeds up cellular reactions but remains unchanged in the process. | Enzymes |
| Describe how different types of proteins can be produced. | A difference base sequence / order would create different proteins |
| What happens in a degrading reaction? | Large substrates are broken down into smaller products |
| What happens in a synthesising reaction? | Small substrates are built up into a larger product. |
| Which enzyme breaks down starch into maltose? | Amylase |
| Which enzyme builds up glucose-1-phosphate into starch? | Phosphorylase |
| Which two factors can affect enzyme activity. | Temperature and pH |
| What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity in humans? | 37 degrees celsius |
| What happens to an enzyme at high temperatures or extremes of pH? | It becomes denatured. |
| What happens to an enzyme when it becomes denatured? | The shape of the active site is destroyed so substrates can no longer bind in. |
| What is the definition of genetic engineering? | When genetic information is transferred from one cell to another. |
| Give an example of a medicine that can be made with genetic engineering? | Insulin or Human Growth Hormone. |
| Give an example of a GM organism. | Tomatoes with longer shelf life / Potatoes with disease resistance / Rice with added nutrients. |
| Which molecule cuts out the required gene? | An enzyme |
| What happens after the required gene is cut out and the plasmid is cut open? | The required gene is inserted into the plasmid using an enzyme. |
| What happens after the modified plasmid is created? | The modified plasmid is placed into a new host bacterial cell to produce a GM organism. |
| Which type of cell provides a plasmid for genetic engineering? | A bacterial cell |
| What is the chemical energy molecule that is made from the process of respiration? | ATP |
| Which molecule controls the process of respiration | Respiration is an enzyme controlled reaction. |
| State a cellular activity that uses ATP. | Muscle contraction, cell division, protein synthesis, transmission of nerve impulses. |
| What is glucose broken down into? | Two molecules of pyruvate |
| How many molecules of ATP are generated from glucose being broken down into pyruvate? | 2 ATP |
| Where does glucose -> pyruvate take place? | The cytoplasm |
| Where does the rest of aerobic respiration take place? | The mitochondria |
| If oxygen is present, what is Pyruvate broken down into? | Carbon Dioxide and Water |
| In the absence of oxygen, which process takes place? | Fermentation |
| Where does fermentation take place? | The cytoplasm |
| In animal cells, what is pyruvate broken down into? | Lactate |
| In plant cells, what is pyruvate broken down into? | Carbon Dioxide and Ethanol |
| Which process creates more energy (ATP), aerobic respiration or fermentation? | Aerobic respiration |
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kyleacademy
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