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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary-Magdaleno
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and absorbs and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds of from carbon dioxide and water |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells; continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of rough (ribosome studded) and smooth (ribosome free) areas |
| Golgi Complex | an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products (noncellulose carbohydrates) |
| Lysosome | a membrane enclose sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protisists |
| Membrane-Bound | organelles that are surrounded by a membrane |
| Mitochondrion | plural mitochondria, an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to breakdown organic molecules and synthesize atp |
| Organelles | any of several membrance enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells |
| Ribosome | a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that function as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and small subunit. In eukaryotic cells each subunit is assembled in the nucleus |
| Vacuole | a membrane bound vesicle whose specialized function caries in different kinds of cells |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | an adenine containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions |
| Apoptosis | a type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down amny chemical components inside the cell |
| ATP Synthesis | a complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton( concentration gradient to make ATP.found in inner mito. (E) plasma mem. (P) |
| Carbon fixation cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | the initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism |
| Chlorophyll | a green pigment located in the membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | a chemical cycle involving 8 steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxdizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; |
| Electron Transport Chain | a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
| Grana | stack of thylakoids discs |
| Intracellular Transport | is the movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | the first two major stages in photosynthesis, occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on mmebranes of certain prokaryotes,, convert solar energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process |
| Photosystems | a light capturing unit located on the thylakoid membrane of the cholorplasts or in the membrane of some prokaryotes consisting of a reaction center complex surrounded by numerous light harvesting complexes. 2 types that absorb light @ diff. wavelengths |
| Stroma | the dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water |
| Thylakoid | a flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membrane contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy |
| Turgor Pressure | the force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis |
| Membrane Exchange | |
| Plasma Membrane | the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition |
| Surface area to volume ratio | |
| Aqueous | a solution in which water is the solvent |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | the currently accepted model of a cell membrane structure; which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholids. |
| Glycolipid | a lipid with one or more covalent attached carbohydrates |
| Glycoprotein | a protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Steroid | biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Functions: as important components of cell membranes which alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules. |
| Cell Wall | a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokarytoes, fungi, and some protists. |
| Channel Protein | ransport protein, acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly |
| Selective Permeability | a property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them |
| Transport Protein | a trans membrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane |
| Active Transport | the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration , emidiated by specific transport proteins and requiring energy |
| Concentration Gradient | a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases |
| Endocytosis | cellular uptake of biological molecules and particular matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane |
| Exocytosis | the cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane . |
| Passive Transport | the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no use of energy |
| Vesicle | self-contained structure consisting of fluid or gas surrounded and enclosed by an outer membrane called the lipid bilayer. |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | a complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. Typically found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells |
| Facilitated Diffusion | the passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of a specific trans membrane transport protein, requiring no energy. |
| Ion | an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge |
| Polarization | process of producing a positive electrical charge |
| ATPase Enzyme | causes the hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP and produces the necessary energy to expel three Na+ ions, while allowing two K+ ions to enter. |
| Homeostasis | the steady state physiological condition of the body |
| Hypertonic | referring to a solution that when surrounding a cell causes the cell to lose water |
| Isotonic | referring to a solution that when surrounding a cell causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell |
| Osmoregulation | regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism. |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Solute | a substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| Tonicity | the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to lose or gain water |
| Water Potential | the physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure. |
| Compartmentalization | Cell compartmentalization refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| Eukaryotic | a type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and organelles. (fungi, protists, plants,and animals) |
| Intracellular | located or occurring within a cell or cells. |
| Endosymbiotic theory | the theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and host cell then turned into a single organism. |
| Prokaryotic cell | a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and organelles. (bacteria and archaea) |
Created by:
KassidyM
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