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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary- Dominguez
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranes network of in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded and ribosome regions. |
| Golgi Complex | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize and synthesize some products. |
| Lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. |
| Membrane-Bound | A phospholipid bilayer (membrane) around eukaryotic cell organelles. This membrane allows the organelles to control what enters and leaves it by using a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Mitochondrion | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP. |
| Organelles | Any of several membrane-enclosed structure with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| Ribosome | A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as an enzyme. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells. |
| Compartmentalization | The way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| Eukaryotic | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. |
| Intracellular | Occurring or being (situated) inside a cell or cells. |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. |
| Apoptosis | A type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by the activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell. |
| ATP Synthesis | A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiomosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | The initial incorporation of carbon from C02 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism. |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to C02. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
| Granum | A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. |
| Intracellular Transport | The movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | The first two of major stages in photosynthesis which occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast for plants. |
| Photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds. |
| Photosystems | A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. |
| Stroma | The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA. |
| Thylakoid | A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Usually exist in stacks called grana. |
| Turgor Pressure | The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis. |
| Membrane Exchange | When vesicles help transport their cargo and then fuse with whatever membrane they meet at their exit. |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cells chemical composition. |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | When a object is very small it has a large surface area to volume ratio while when large vice versus. |
| Aqueous | A solution in which water is the solvenent. |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid of bilayer of phospholipids. |
| Glycolipid | A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Steroid | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. |
| Cell Wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. |
| Channel Protein | A special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions |
| Selective Permeability | A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them. |
| Transport Protein | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances across a membrane. |
| Active Transport | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. |
| Concentration Gradient | The difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas. |
| Endocytosis | Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via information of vesicles from the plasma membrane. |
| Exocytosis | The cellular secretion of biological molecules by fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane. |
| Passive Transport | The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure in energy. |
| Vesicle | A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | A mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport protein. |
| Ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
| Polarization | A lack of symmetry; structural differences in opposite ends of an organism or structure. |
| ATPase Enzyme | A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP). |
| Homeostasis | The steady-state physiological condition of the body. |
| Hypertonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water. |
| Hypotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water. |
| Isotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell. |
| Osmoregulation | Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. |
| Tonicity | The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water. |
| Water Potential | The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow. |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. |
| Prokaryotic | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment located in the membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. |
Created by:
JonathanDD
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