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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | Adhesion is the attraction of molecules of one kind for molecules of a different kind, and it can be quite strong for water, especially with other molecules bearing positive or negative charges. |
| Cohesion | Cohesion refers to the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind, and water molecules have strong cohesive forces thanks to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with one another |
| Hydrogen Bond | A hydrogen bond is the electromagnetic attraction created between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom and another nearby electronegative atom. |
| Polar | A polar molecule is a chemical species in which the distribution of electrons between the covalently bonded atoms is not even. When bonded to another atom, the atom with the higher electronegativity will tend to attract more electrons |
| Surface Tension | The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules." ... The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for the phenomenon known as surface tension. |
| Atom | atoma are the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element. Elements, such as helium, are made up of atoms. Atoms are made up of protons and neutrons located within the nucleus. |
| Essential Element | A chemical nutrient that is vital for the successful growth and development of an organism. Elements needed in relatively large amounts are termed macronutrients; those needed only in small or minute quantities are called micronutrients or trace elements. |
| Macromolecule | A large, organic molecule such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Monomer. A molecule that is a building block for larger molecules (polymers). |
| cleavage | cleavage is the division of cells in the early embryo. ... The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant overall growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | "to put together while losing water. ” It is also considered to be a condensation reaction since two molecules are condensed into one larger molecule with the loss of a smaller molecule In the process, a water molecule is formed. |
| Hydrolysis | the cleavage of biomolecules where a H2O molecule is consumed to effect the separation of a larger molecule into component parts. A reverse of a condensation reaction in which two molecules join together into a larger one and eject a water molecule. |
| Monomer | Monomer. A molecule that is a building block for larger molecules (polymers) |
| Amino Acid | Amino acids are small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. Each of the 20 amino acids has a specific side chain, known as an R group, that is also attached to the α carbon |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terminus | the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide. |
| Carbohydrates | A carbohydrate is an organic compound such as sugar or starch, and is used to store energy. Like most organic compounds, carbohydrates are built of small, repeating units that form bonds with each other to make a larger molecule |
| Carboxyl Terminus/C-Terminus | The C-terminus is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH). |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | is a molecule that encodes an organism's genetic blueprint. DNA is a linear molecule composed of four types of smaller chemical molecules called nucleotide bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) |
| Deoxyribose | Deoxyribose is the five-carbon sugar molecule that helps form the phosphate backbone of DNA molecules. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer formed of many nucleic acids. |
| Hydrophilic | one whose interactions with water and other polar substances are more thermodynamically favorable than their interactions with oil or other hydrophobic solvents. They are typically charge-polarized and capable of hydrogen bonding. |
| Hydrophobic | Hydrophobic compounds do not dissolve easily in water, and are usually non-polar. |
| Lipid | a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents. |
| Nitrogenous Base | A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. |
| Nucleic Acid | Nucleic acids are the biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA |
| Nucleotide | A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids. RNA and DNA are polymers made of long chains of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base. |
| Phosphate | a chemical compound made up of one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms. Phosphates can form phospholipids, which make up the cell membrane |
| Phospholipids | Phospholipids are major components of the plasma membrane, the outermost layer of animal cells. Like fats, they are composed of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone. |
| Polymer | any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, that are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers. Polymers make up many of the materials in living organisms, including, for example, pr |
| Protein | Proteins have a variety of function in cells. Major functions include acting as enzymes, receptors, transport molecules, regulatory proteins for gene expression, and so on. |
| R group | An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule. Sometimes used more loosely, to include other elements such as halogens, oxygen, or nitrogen. |
| Ribonucleic Acid | A nucleic acid molecule similar to DNA but containing ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA is formed upon a DNA template. There are several classes of RNA molecules. |
| Ribose | Ribose, also called D-ribose, five-carbon sugar found in RNA , where it alternates with phosphate groups to form the “backbone” of the RNA polymer and binds to nitrogenous bases. |
| Saturated fats | A type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all or predominantly single bonds. A fat is made of two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Fats are made of long chains of carbon (C) atoms. |
| Unsaturated Fats | a fatty acid in which the hydrocarbon molecules have two carbons that share double or triple bond(s) and are therefore not completely saturated with hydrogen atoms. |
| 3’ | the 3' end is the one with a terminal hydroxyl (OH) group on the deoxyribose of the 3' carbon of the deoxyribose. |
| 5’ | One end is referred to as 5' (five prime) and the other end is referred to as 3' (three prime). The 5' and 3' designations refer to the number of carbon atom in a deoxyribose sugar molecule to which a phosphate group bonds. |
| Alpha Helice | a rod-like structure whose inner section is formed by a tightly coiled main chain, with its side chains extending outward in a helical array. The alpha helix takes advantage of the hydrogen bond between CO and NH groups of the main chain to stabilize. |
| Antiparallel – in regards to DNA | |
| Beta-Sheet | The β-sheet is a common motif of regular secondary structure in proteins. Beta sheets consist of beta strands (also β-strand) connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet. |
| Covalent Bond | a covalent bond is defined as a chemical bond wherein two or more atoms share one or more electron pairs |
| Double Helix | The double helix describes the appearance of double-stranded DNA, which is composed of two linear strands that run opposite to each other, or anti-parallel, and twist together. |
| Peptide | A peptide is a short chain of amino acids. The amino acids in a peptide are connected to one another in a sequence by bonds called peptide bonds. |
| Polypeptide | Polypeptides are chains of amino acids. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide molecules. The amino acids are linked covalently by peptide bonds |
| Primary Structure | The simplest level of protein structure, primary structure, is simply the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. |
| Secondary Structure | recurring arrangements in space of adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain. It is maintained by hydrogen bonds between amide hydrogens and carbonyl oxygens of the peptide backbone. major secondary structures are α-helices and β-structures. |
| Subunit | |
| Synthesis | The production of an organic compound in a living thing, especially as aided by enzymes. Supplement. In general, the term synthesis pertains to the creation of something. It is the process of combining two or more components to produce an entity. |
| Tertiary Structure | refers to the overall three-dimensional arrangement of its polypeptide chain in space. It is stabilized by outside polar hydrophilic hydrogen and ionic bond interactions, and internal hydrophobic interactions between nonpolar amino acid side chains |
| Sugar-Phosphate Backbone | The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. This backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule |
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