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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary -Gonzalez G.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded and ribosome-free regions |
| Golgi Complex | A series of flattened membrane-bound sacs found in eukaryotic cells; involved in the correct folding and chemical modification of newly synthesized proteins and packaging for protein trafficking |
| Lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protisits |
| Membrane-Bound | Organelles that are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer |
| Mitochondrion | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP |
| Organelles | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells |
| Ribosome | A complex of rRNa and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized functions varies in different kinds of cells. |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed |
| Apoptosis | A type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemicals components in the cell |
| ATP Synthesis | An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate using adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | When carbon dioxide enters the interior of a leaf via pores called stomata and diffuses into the stroma of the chloroplast |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes; converts solar energy to chemical energy |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic break-down of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electron down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |
| Grana | Stacks of structures called thylakoids, which are little disks of membrane on which the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place |
| Intracellular Transport | The movement of vesicles and substances within a cell |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | Uses light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH |
| Photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugar or other organic compounds |
| Photosystems | A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts; consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-having complexes |
| Stroma | The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water |
| Thylakoid | A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast |
| Turgor Pressure | The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis |
| Membrane Exchange | membrane |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier; regulating the cell's chemical composition |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | The amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects |
| Aqueous | Is a type of solution where in the solvent is water |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids |
| Glycolipid | A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates |
| Steroid | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached |
| Cell Wal | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists |
| Channel Protein | A special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions |
| Selective Permeability | A property of cellular membranes that only allows certain molecules to enter or exit the cell |
| Transport Protein | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane |
| Active Transport | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against it's concentration or electrochemical gradient; mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy |
| Concentration Gradient | A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases |
| Endocytosis | Cellular uptake of biologicals molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane. |
| Exocytosis | The cellular secretion of biologicals molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane |
| Passive Transport | The diffusion of a substances across a biological membrane with no expenditure energy |
| Vesicle | A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | An enzyme that directly generates ATP during the process of cellular respiration |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure |
| Ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge |
| Polarization | To the act or process of producing a positive electrical charge and a negative electrical charge |
| ATPase Enzyme | Its a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in ATP to form ADP. |
| Homeostasis | The steady-state physiological condition of the body |
| Hypertonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water |
| Hypotonic | To a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water |
| Isotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of a cell |
| Osmoregulation | Regulation of solute concentration and water balance by a cell or organism |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known |
| Tonicity | The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lost water |
| Water Potential | The physical property predicating the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure |
| Compartmentalization | The way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in sperate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently |
| Eukaryotic | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles |
| Intracellular | Occurring or being (situated) inside a cell or cells |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | The theory that mitochondria and plastids originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cell |
| Prokaryotic | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles |
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