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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary- Hunter
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. |
| Golgi complex | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Lysosome | A membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. |
| Membrane-bound | Organelles that are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer. |
| Mitochondrion | A membrane-bound cell organelle that generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. |
| Organelles | Any of the specialized structures within a cell that perform a specific function (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum). |
| Ribosome | A complex cellular mechanism used to translate genetic code into chains of amino acids and also perform biological protein synthesis. |
| Vacuole | The space within a cell that is empty of cytoplasm, lined with a membrane, and filled with fluid that perform functions such as storage, ingestion, digestion, excretion, and expulsion of excess water. |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
| Apoptosis | A type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell. |
| ATP synthesis | The transfer of electrons from the intermembrane space, through the inner membrane, back to the matrix. |
| Carbon fixation cycle/ Calvin-Benson Cycle | The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organism compound by an autotrophic organism. |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. |
| Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic break-down of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
| Grana | A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplasts. They function in the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Intracellular Transport | The movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | The usage of light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH. |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. |
| Photosystems | The functional units for photosynthesis, defined by a particular pigment organization and association patterns, whose work is the absorption and transfer of light energy, which implies transfer of electrons. |
| Stroma | The fluid filled inner space of chloroplasts surrounding thylakoids and grana. |
| Thylakoid | A flattened sac or vesicle lined with a pigmented membrane that is the site of photosynthesis, in plants and algae occurring a granum of the chloroplast, other photosynthesizing organisms either singly/ part of the cell membrane or other structure. |
| Turgor Pressure | Exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall, and it is what makes living plant tissue rigid |
| Membrane Exchange | When a semi-permeable membrane transports certain dissolved ions, while blocking other ions or neutral molecules.They are often used in desalination and chemical recovery applications, moving ions from one solution to another with little passage of water. |
| Plasma Membrane | A double layer of lipids and proteins that surrounds a cell and separates its contents from the surrounding environment. |
| Surface Are to Volume Ratio | The amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects. |
| Aqueous | A solution in which water is the solvent. |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |
| Glycolipid | A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Steroid | Any of a class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings. They are also lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. |
| Cell Wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. |
| Channel Protein | A type of transport protein, acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly. |
| Selective Permeability | The ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others. |
| Transport Protein | A protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism |
| Active Transport | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy. |
| Concentration Gradient | A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |
| Endocytosis | Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane. |
| Exocytosis | The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane. |
| Passive Transport | A naturally occurring phenomenon that does not require the cell to expend energy to accomplish the movement. In this phenomenon, substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a process called diffusion. |
| Vesicle | Tiny sacs that transport material within or outside the cell. |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | An enzyme that directly generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during the process of cellular respiration. ATP is the main energy molecule used in cells. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific trans membrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure. |
| Ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
| Polarization | The act or process of producing a positive electrical charge and a negative electrical charge such that between a nerve cell internal electrical charge, which is negative, and the surrounding environment of a nerve cell, which is positive. |
| ATPase Enzyme | A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in ATP to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP). They harness the energy released from the breakdown of the phosphate bond and utilize it to perform other cellular reactions. |
| Homeostasis | The steady-state physiological condition of the body. |
| Hypertonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to loose water. |
| Hypotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water. |
| Isotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell. |
| Osmoregulation | The process of maintaining salt and water balance across membranes within the body. |
| Osmosis | Movement of a solvent (such as water) through a semipermeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane. |
| Solute | A substance that can be dissolved by a solvent to create a solution. |
| Solvent | A molecule that has the ability to dissolve other molecules, known as solutes. |
| Tonicity | How an extracellular solution can change the volume of a cell by affecting osmosis. |
| Water Potential | The measure of the potential energy in water as well as the difference between the potential in a given water sample and pure water. |
| Compartmentalization | Refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| Eukaryotic | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes. |
| Intracellular | Relating to, involving, or occurring in the space between the cells of a multicellular organism or in the space between cells of closely associated unicellular microorganisms (such as bacteria) |
| Endosymbiotic theory | The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. |
| Prokaryotic | A type of cell that does not have a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. |
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