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URINARY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of Reabsorption | movement of water and solutes from the tubules back into circulation |
| Definition of Secretion | movement of water and solutes from circulation back into the tubules |
| ADH stimulation increases to be what | Reabsorbed, producing less water in the tubules |
| Nitrogenous waste are | Urea, Uric acid, Creatinine |
| Parathyroid Hormone stimulates the increase of reabsorption and secretion of what 2 substances. | Calcium reabsorption and Phosphate secretion |
| Epithelium of the PCT | Simple Cuboidal Epithelium with tall Microvilli |
| Micturition process of activation | 1. Baroreceptors activated 2. Visceral neurons stimulate the pons 3. Parasympathetic impulse to bladder 4. Detrusor muscle contraction |
| Thick region of ascending limb reabsorbs 10% - 20% of what ion | Potassium |
| 4 tunic of the urinary bladder from the inner most to outer | 1.Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3.Muscularis 4.Adventitia |
| Right kidney is inferior or superior of the left kidney | Inferior |
| Pigment that colors urine | Urobilin |
| Ion that is both reabsorbed and secreted | Potassium |
| Min. amount of urine a day to eliminate waste | 0.5 L per day |
| What is the Lamina Propria made up of | Dense Irregular C.T |
| What 4 substances escape into the filtrate during urine formation | 1. water 2. ions 3. amino acids 4. glucose |
| 3 layers of the Ureters wall inside to outer layer | mucosa, muscularis , adventitia |
| In the Ureter the Mucosa is surrounded by the what | Lamina Propria |
| what substance is used to test GFR; glomerulus filtration rate | Inulin, because it does not reabsorb or secrete |
| Where are the Granular cell located in the kidney | Afferent Arteriole at the JG apparatus |
| Where are the Macula Densa cells located | DCT at the JG apparatus |
| Purpose of the JG apparatus | To monitor blood pressure, release of Renin |
| Substances that get completely reabsorbed and DO NOT become components of urine | Lactate, Filtered blood plasma proteins, Glucose, Amino Acids |
| Collecting tubules are small or large component | Small extensions off of the Collection Duct |
| The manual start of Micturition is preformed by what muscle | Abdominal muscle |
| A healthy GFR is what number | 125 mL/min. |
| Descending limb is permeable to what substance | water, opposite side of ascending which is sodium side |
| Bodies main nitrogenous waste are what | Urea, Uric Acid and Creatinine |
| The Adventitia is made up of what C.T. | Areolar C.T. |
| What body tissue produces Creatinine | Muscle tissue |
| Name of urinary bladder muscle | Detrusor muscle |
| The nephron establishes the concentration gradient from what 2 items | Nephron Loop and the Vasa Recta |
| What stimulates the Granular cells of the JG apparatus | Stretch in the afferent arteriole or from the sympathetic N.S |
| What stimulates the Macula Densa cells of the JG apparatus | Detection of sodium chloride amounts in the DCT |
| Define Tubular Reabsorption | Movement from the tubules toward circulation |
| Define Tubular Secretion | Movement from circulation toward the tubules |
| How much water is reabsorbed | 99 % |
| 3 layers of the filtration membrane | Endothelium, Basement membrane of glomerulus, Visceral layer of glomerulus |
| Colloid Osmotic Pressure is what | from more solutes as it pulls fluid, such as water, into the capillaries with help from large proteins |
| What lines the urinary bladder | Mucosa |
| 2 proteins that are freely filtered in the Glomerulus | Insulin and Angiotensin |
| A condition where there is too much glucose in the the Urine | Glucosuria, could be a sign of diabetes |
| Are both urea and uric acid reabsorbed and secreted | True |
| 3 vessels that the sympathetic axons extend to | Afferent, Efferent, and the JG apparatus |
| What 2 hormones control the amount of Na+ excreted in Urine | Aldosterone and Atrial Naturetic Peptide |
| Renal Threshold is | Maximum amount of substance carried in the blood without appearing in the urine, over the threshold and substances go into the urine |
| When water follows Na+ out of the PCT by Osmosis the process is known as | Obligatory Water Reabsorption |
| Water reabsorption is controlled at the DCT, CT,CD by what 2 hormones | Aldosterone and Antidiuretic hormones |
| The visceral layer in the glomerulus is composed of what type of cell | Podocytes |
| Folds in the urinary bladder are called | Rugae |
| Granular cells produce , store , release what enzyme | Renin |
| Calcium reabsorption is stimulated into the DCT by what hormone | PTH, Parathyroid hormone |
| Transport proteins in basolateral and luminal membranes control movement using what cellular processes | Simply or Facilitated diffusion and Osmosis, Primary and secondary active transport |
| Freely filtered substances are | water, glucose, amino acids, vitamin B& C, Ions, ketones and some hormones |
| An increase in HPg causes what effects on NFP,GFR, and reabsorption rates in the Nephron | NFP and GFR increases as reabsorption in the nephrons decreases |
| What pressures oppose HPg to determine NFP | Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure OPg and Capsule Hyrostatic Pressure HPc |
| Process of Urine formation | Filtration, Tubule reabsorption, and Tubule secretion |
| Macula Densa cells in the Afferent Arteriole do what | Detect change in NaCl in the DCT, and Signal Granular cells to release Renin to increase Blood Pressure |
| What do Granular cells in the DCT do | Synthesize, store and release Renin, Contract when stimulated by stretch or sympathic N.S. |
| 3 Major nitrogenous waste are | Uric Acid, Urea, and Creatinine |
| Process of type B cells to regulate PH | Release H+ into the blood to decrease PH while secreting HCO3- into the tubules to be excreted as urine |
| The 3 chemical buffers in Fixed Acids | Proteins, Phosphate, and Bicarbonates |
| Type A cells get rid of what | Acid |
| Type B cells get rid of what | Base |
| An increase of H+ concentration can be produced by | Diet of animals and wheat, waste from metabolic processes of lactic acid, phosphoric acid, and ketoacids: Diarrhea from loss of HCO3- |
| Fixed Acids are regulated by what organ | Kidneys |
| Volatile Acids are regulated by what system | Respiratory system |
| Process of type A cells to regulate PH | Release HCO3- into the blood to raise PH and excrete H+ in urine |
| What does the Amine Group act as for a buffer | Weak Base to buffer acid |
| Weak Acid | Carbonic H2CO3 |
| Weak Base | Bicarbonate HCO3- |
| Acidosis = | Arterial blood PH below 7.35 |
| Alkalosis = | Arterial blood PH above 7.45 |
| Principle cells are responsive to what 2 hormones | Antidiuretic Hormone and Aldosterone |
| 3 Hormones that regulate Ca2+ | Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitriol, and Calcitonin |
| Fluid imbalances are caused by what | Volume depletion and Volume excess |
| Pleural Effusion = | Accumulation of fluid in the Pleural Cavity |
| Volume Depletion and Excess means what in regards to water and solutes | Water and solutes are lost or gained together collectively |
Created by:
scones and joe
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