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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary - Catiis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion (1.1 Water) | The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds |
| Cohesion (1.1 Water) | The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds |
| Hydrogen Bond (1.1 Basic Chem) | A type of weak chemical bond that forms when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule |
| Polar (1.1 Water) | A molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule |
| Surface Tension (1.1 Water) | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high ___ because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules |
| Atom (1.2 Basic Chem) | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element |
| Essential Element (1.2 Organic Chem) | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce |
| Macromolecule (1.2 Organic Chem) | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are ____ |
| Cleavage (1.3 Basic Chem) | The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane |
| Dehydration Synthesis (1.3 Organic Chem) | A chemical reaction where two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis (1.3 Organic Chem) | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between to molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers |
| Monomer (1.3 Organic Chem) | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer |
| Amino Acid (1.4 Protein) | An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terminus (1.4 Protein) | The start of a protein/polypeptide referring to the free amine group located at the end of a polypeptide |
| Carbohydrates (1.4 Organic Chem) | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides) |
| Carboxyl Terminus/C-Terminus (1.4 Protein) | The 3-prime (3') end (or 'terminus') of the amino acid chain. It has a free carboxyl group (COOH) |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) (1.4 Organic Chem) | A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-standard helix in which a polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, T) can be replicated/determines inherited structure of a cell's protein |
| Deoxyribose (1.4 Nucleic Acids) | The sugar component of DNA nucleotide, having one fewer than hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar components of RNA nucleotides |
| Hydrophilic (1.4 Water) | Having an affinity for water |
| Hydrophobic (1.4 Water) | Having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water |
| Lipid (1.4 Organic Chem) | Any group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that mix poorly, if at all with water |
| Nitrogenous Base (1.4 Nucleic Acids) | A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. The ___ in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine. |
| Nucleic Acid (1.4 Nucleic Acids) | A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities (DNA and RNA) |
| Nucleotide (1.4 Nucleic Acids) | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups |
| Phosphate (1.4 Organic Chem) | A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer |
| Phospholipids (1.4 Lipids) | Lipid made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group, Hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Bilayers function as biological membranes |
| Polymer (1.4 Organic Chem) | A long molecule consisting of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
| Protein (1.4 Organic Chem) | A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional figure |
| R Group (1.4 Protein) | An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule |
| Ribonucleic Acid (1.4 Nucleic Acid) | A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, Y) usually single stranded; functions in proteins synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome if some viruses |
| Ribose (1.4 Nucleic Acid) | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides |
| Saturated Fats (1.4 Lipids) | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton |
| Unsaturated Fats (1.4 Lipids) | A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in that hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton |
| 3' (1.5 Nucleic Acids) | Nucleic acid strand is inherently directional, and the "3 prime end" has a free hydroxyl (or phosphate on a 3' carbon |
| 5' (1.5 Nucleic Acids) | Nucleic acid strand is inherently directional, and the "5 prime end" has a free hydroxyl (or phosphate on a 5' carbon |
| Alpha Helice (1.5 Protein) | The coiled structural arrangement of many proteins consisting of a single chain of amino acids stabilized by hydrogen bonds |
| Antiparallel - in regards to DNA (1.5 Nucleic Acids) | Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix |
| Beta-Sheet (1.5 Protein) | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. 2 regions of the chain lie parallel to teach other and are held by hydrogen bonds between the atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains) |
| Covalent Bond (1.5 Basic Chem) | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one of more pairs of valence electrons |
| Double Helix (1.5 Nucleic Acids) | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent anti parallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape |
| Peptide (1.5 Protein) | The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino acid group of another, formed by a dehydration reaction |
| Polypeptide (1.5 Protein) | A polymer consisting of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
Created by:
e.catiis
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