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Endocrine
Bio 169 Lecture
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Endocrinology means | the study of hormones -what they are, what they do where they come from, and how they work |
| Function of the Endocrine System | regulates long-term processes -growth -development -reproduction |
| Endocrine cells | Glandular secretory cells without ducts (ductless) Products released directly into the blood Products are called hormones |
| 4 types of intercellular communication | Direct Paracrine Endocrine Synaptic |
| Direct Intercellular Communication | Exchange of ions and molecules between adjacent cells across gap junctions Occurs between 2 cells of same type Highly specialized and relatively rare: heart and cilia 2 cells function as one unit |
| Paracrine Intercellular Communication | Local hormones Uses chemical signals to transfer information from cell to cell within single tissue, autocrine communication to same cells cells in the same tissue talking |
| Endocrine Intercellular Communication | Endocrine cells release chemicals (hormones) into bloodstream Alters metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously |
| Synaptic Communication Intercellular Communication | Ideal for crisis management! Occurs across synaptic clefts Chemical message is neurotransmitter Limited to a very specific, small area (across the synaptic cleft, only) Short-lived, broken down fast |
| Target Cells have | receptors specifically for the hormone |
| If a hormone bypasses cells with the wrong receptors what occurs? | the hormone does not open the receptor |
| 4 Common responses of the Target Cell | 1. produce new hormone 2. make new enzyme (protein) 3. increase or decrease the rate at which an enzyme is manufactured in the cell 4. open or close a gate or channel in the membrane |
| 3 classes of hormones | amino acids peptide hormones lipid derivatives |
| Amino acid derivatives are | Tyrosine Tryptophan |
| Tyrosine makes | Dopamine Epinephrine Norepinephrine Thyroid |
| Dopamine is made from | levodopa in the Brian and kidney |
| Epinephrine is made in | adrenal medulla |
| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are | catecholamines |
| Thyroid hormone is made by | the thyroid gland |
| Tryptophan makes | melatonin (made by pineal gland) serotonin (made by brain and gut |
| Peptide Hormones are made by | pro hormones (inactive), then converted to active |
| Glycoproteinsare what kind of hormones? | peptide |
| Major Endocrine Glands | Pituitary glands (anterior and posterior lobes) Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands (cortex and medulla) Pancreas (exocrine and endocrine portion) Pineal gland Other hormone producers: Kidneys, heart, thymus, testes, ovaries, and adipose |
| Where is the pituitary gland in the skull? | pituitary fossa of sella turcica of sphenoid bone of skull |
| What is the name of the stalk holding the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus? | Infundibulum |
| Hypothalamus produces two kinds of hormones: | Releasing hormones inhibiting hormones |
| oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are stored where? | neurosecretion |
| Hypothalamus communicates with 3 areas: | pituitary, posterior pituitary, and adrenal medulla |
| Hypophyseal Portal System of Anterior Pituitary | Blood supply to and inside anterior pituitary that distributes hormone messages |
| Releasing hormones (RH) cause | rophs to make and secrete a stimulating hormone |
| Inhibiting hormones (IH) cause | Stops trophs from making and secreting any hormones |
| Trophic cells | either make stimulating hormones and put them in the blood, which circulates through body to targets, or they are inhibited from making any hormones at all. |
| Growth hormone releasing-hormone (GHRH) cause | anterior pituitary somatrophs to release growth hormone (GH) |
| Growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone (Somatostatin) | Inhibits release of growth hormone (GH) by somatotrophs |
| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) causes | Causes release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) produced by anterior pituitary cells called thyrotrophs Regulates the release of Prolactin (PRL) when dopamine stops inhibiting PRL |
| Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) | Causes release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from corticotrophs |
| Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GRH) | Causes release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) produced by gonadotrophs |
| Dopamine inhibits prolactin (PRL) | Prolactin is the only anterior pituitary hormone that has an inhibitory regulation |
| Adenohypophysis 7 Hormones | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Growth Hormone (GH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Prolactin (PRL) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) |
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Anterior Pituitary Hormones Glycoprotein, Targets the thyroid gland Control secretion of hormones T3 and T4 from thyroid Activates a carrier protein to bring iodine into thyroid follicle Regulated by hypothalamic production of Thyrotropin-Releasing Ho |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | Peptide hormone Targets the adrenal cortex Controls secretion of glucocorticoids Regulated by hypothalamic production of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) |
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | Targets the: Ovarian Follicle cells in females Testicular Nurse cells in males (cells that help sperm develop) Controls: Estrogen secretion and follicular development in females Stimulates sperm maturation in males |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | Targets the: Ovarian Follicle Cells in females Testicular Interstitial cells of Leydig in males Controls: Ovulation at day 14, corpus luteum formation, and progesterone secretion in females Secretion of testosterone in males |
| Prolactin (PRL) | Peptide hormone Targets the mammary glands Controls milk production Regulated by hypothalamic production of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (DOPAMINE) |
| Growth Hormone (GH) | Protein Targets all cells in the body Controls cell growth, protein synthesis, lipid mobilization, catabolism Important for normal muscular and skeletal development in children Regulated by hypothalamic production of GH-Releasing Hormone and GH-Inhib |
| Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) | Targets melanocytes Controls production of melanin and skin darkening Regulated by hypothalamic production of MSH-Inhibiting Hormone |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) does | water regulation; causes kidneys to reabsorb more water, decreasing urine output. Potent vasoconstrictor (vasopressin) to staunch hemorrhage blood loss |
| Oxytocin (OXT) does | many targets; smooth wall of uterus for birth contractions, milk ducts of breasts for milk let-down during infant suckling, and feelings of love, orgasm |
| Diuresis | production of large volumes of urine |
| osmolarity detected by hypothalamus which releases what | Antidiuretic hormone |
| iluted blood results | when large quantity of water ingested |
| ADH is also called | vasopressin |
| Inhibited ADH Conditions are | Alcohol consumption Diabetes Insipidus |
| isthmus connects | thyroid gland has two lateral lobes |
Created by:
jruiz9
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