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Unit 1
Ap Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to a plant cell walls by the means of hydrogen bond |
| Cohesion | The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds |
| Hydrogen Bond | a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule |
| Polar | a chemical species in which the distribution of electrons between the covalentley bonded atoms is not even |
| Surface Tension | a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of the liquid: water has high of this because the hydrogen bonding of the surface molecules |
| Atom | smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element |
| Essential Element | a chemical element required for organisms to survive, grow, and reproduce |
| Macromolecule | a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysachrides, proteins and nucleic acids are all this |
| Cleavage | the process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching o the plasma membrane |
| Dehydration synthesis | includes the formation of new chemical bonds between two molecules which leads to the formation of new macromolecules. A reaction occurs with the loss of water molecule at each step. |
| Hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water: function of disassembly of polymers to monomers |
| Monomer | the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer |
| Amino Acid | an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. They serve as monomers of polypeptides |
| Amino terminus | the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amino group located at the end of polypeptides |
| Carbohydrates | a sugar or one of its dimers or polymers |
| Carboxyl Terminus | the end of an amino acid chain, terminated by a free carboxyl group |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases, adenine, cytocine, guanine, and thymine: capable of being replicated |
| Deoxyribose | the sugar compound of DNA nucleotides having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component if RNA nucleotide |
| Hydrophilic | having an affinity of water |
| Hydrophobic | having no affinity for water: tending to coelensce and for droplets of water |
| Lipid | any of a large biological molecules, including fats, phosopholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly id at all with water. |
| Nitrogenous Base | a molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical prperties of a base |
| Nucleic Acid | a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers: serves as a blue print for proteins and through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA. |
| Nucleotide | a non- membrane bounded region in prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concreted. |
| Phosphate | an anion, salt, functional group of ester from phosphoric acid |
| Phospholipids | a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar hydrophilic head. |
| Polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. |
| Proteins | a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific three- dimensional structure. |
| r- group | a side chain attatched to the a- carbon of all amino acids. It decides the chemical versatility of the amino acids. |
| ribonucleic acid | similar to DNA but it is one stranded, and the strand is made up of altering sugar and phosphate group. |
| Ribose | the sugar component of RNA nucleotides |
| Saturated Fat | a type of fat in which fatty acid chains have all predominantly single bonds, a fat is made up of two smaller molecules; glycerol and fatty acid |
| Unsaturated Fat | fats that are loosely packed that are liquid at room temperature. |
| 3' | a furanose (sugar- ring) molecule with carbon atoms labeled using standard notation, these are downstream |
| 5' | designates the end of the DNA or RNA strand that has the fifth carbon in the sugar- ring of the deoxyribose or ribose at it's terminus. |
| Alpha helice | a coiled region consisting one form of secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. |
| Antiparallel | referring to the arrangement of the sugar- phosphate backbone in a DNA double helix. |
| Beta- sheet | consist of beta strands connected laterally by at least two or three hydrogen bonds, formally and generally twisted, pleated sheet. |
| Covalent Bond | a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. |
| Double helix | the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent anti- parallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape |
| Peptide | short chains of between two and fifty amino acids, linked by peptide bonds. |
| Polypeptide | a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
| Primary structure | the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary Structure | regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bondings between constituents of the backbone |
| Subunit | a single protein molecule that assembles with other protein molecules to form a protein complex |
| Synthesis | artificial execution of useful chemical reactions to obtain one or several products |
| Tertiary Structure | the overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges |
| Sugar- phosphate | an important structural component of DNA. Consists of 5- carbon deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups. These sugars are linked together by phosphedioster bond between carbon 4 of their chain, and CH2 group that is attached to a phosphate ion |
Created by:
Selmaleal
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