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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds. |
| Cohesion | The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. |
| Hydrogen Bond | A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule |
| Polar | A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. |
| Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
| Essential Element | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. |
| Macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules |
| Cleavage | The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the other removal of a water molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers. |
| Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building blacks of a polymer. |
| Amino Acid | An organic molecule possesses both a carbonyl and an amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptide. |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terminus | A term that identifies one end of a protein molecule. The amino terminus is that end of the molecule which terminates in a free amino group. |
| Carbohydrates | A sugar or one of its dimers or polymers. |
| Carboxyl Terminus/N-Terminus | A term that identifies one end of a protein molecule. The carboxyl terminus is that end of the molecule which terminates in a free carboxyl group. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | A nucleic acid molecule, usually |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Hydrophilic | Having an affinity for water |
| Hydrophobic | Having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water. |
| Lipid | Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. |
| Nitrogenous Base | A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. |
| Nucleic Acid | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA |
| Nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. |
| Phosphate | A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer. |
| Phospholipids | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails =, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophobic head. |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. |
| Protein | A Biological functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. |
| R group | An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule. Sometimes used more loosely, to include other elements such as halogens, oxygen, or nitrogen. |
| Ribonucleic Acid | A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the |
| Ribose | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Saturated Fats | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| Unsaturated Fats | A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| 3’ | A branch of science that deals with living organisms and vital processes. |
| 5’ | A modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the 5’ and of a pre-mRNA molecule. |
| Alpha Helice | A coiled region constituted one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptides backbone. |
| Antiparallel - in regards to DNA | Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbone in a DNA double helix. |
| Beta-Sheet | The B-sheet is a common motif of regular secondary structure in proteins. Beta sheets consists of beta strands connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bond, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet. |
| Covalent Bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. |
| Double Helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. |
| Peptide | The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. |
| Polypeptide | A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
| Primary Structure | The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids. |
| Secondary Structure | Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone. |
| Subunit | A protein subunit is a single protein molecule that assembles with other protein molecules to form a protein complex. |
| Synthesis | The term synthesis pertains to the creation of something. It is the process of combining two or more components to produce an entity. |
| Tertiary Structure | The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges. |
| Sugar-Phosphate Backbone | Forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. This backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule. |
Created by:
FernandoC
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