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Endocrine System
Endocrinology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Endocrinology? | The study of hormones |
| What does -crine mean? | Secretion |
| What does -endo mean? | Means inside or interior of the body |
| What are the three functions of the Endocrine System? | Regulates long term processes (such as growth, development, reproduction)/ uses chemical messengers (hormones) to relay information and instructions between cells/ works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis |
| Which one is interior and which one is exterior? Endocrine/Exocrine | EXOcrine is EXterior/ out and ENdocrine is inside/ interior |
| What do exocrine cells do? | Secrete products onto Epithelial surfaces also known as DUCTS |
| What are some examples of exocrine cells? | Sudoriferous glands (odor) and sebaceous glands (oil), salivary glands (saliva), and goblet cells (mucous) |
| What are endocrine cells? | They are glandular secretory cells without ducts (DUCTLESS) |
| What does endocrine cells do? | Secrete hormones into circulation |
| What are some examples of endocrine cells? | Insulin, adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and thyroid hormones |
| What are the four types of intercellular communication? | Direct/ Paracrine/ Endocrine/ Synaptic |
| What is direct communication? | 2 cells function as one unit |
| What is paracrine communication? | Cells in the same tissue talking |
| What is endocrine communication? | Messages usually from far away |
| What is synaptic communication? | From nerve to... nerve, muscle, or gland |
| How is direct communication travelled? | Through gap junctions |
| How is paracrine communication travelled? | Through extracellular fluid |
| How is endocrine communication travelled? | Through the bloodstream |
| How is synaptic communication travelled? | Across synapses |
| Hormones can be seen as what? | Keys |
| Target Cells (Receptors) can be seen as what? | Locks |
| What are the steps of hormones/ target cells receptors? | Hormone is released from secretory cell/ It then circulates within the blood until reaches target cell (TC)/ TC has a receptor specifically for the hormone/ Hormone binds to receptor of TC, 'unlocking' the chemical message/ Physiological response begins |
| Can the hormone bind to a wrong receptor? | No, the hormone bypasses the cells with the wrong receptors *the key does not fit* |
| After a hormone binds, a response occurs in the target cell: what are 4 common responses? | Produces new hormone/ Make new enzyme (protein)/ Increase or decrease the rate at which an enzyme or protein is manufactured in the cell/ Open or close a gate or channel in the membrane |
| What are free hormones? | They are usually peptide hormones; remain functional for less than an hour |
| What are bound hormones? | They are usually thyroid and lipid hormones; remain in circulation much longer |
| What are 3 classes of hormones? | Amino acid derivatives/ Peptide hormones/ Lipid derivatives |
| How are the hormones' classes determined? | They are determined by their chemical structure |
| Amino Acids are the building blocks of what? | Proteins |
| There are two types of amino acid derivatives, what are they? | Tyrosine and Tryptophan |
| Tyrosine make DENT: | Dopamine/ Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine/ and Thyroid |
| Tryptophan makes (Phan of being happy and sleepy:)) | Melatonin- sleepy/ Serotonin- happy |
| There are two types of peptide hormones, what are they? | Glycoproteins and short polypeptides/ small proteins |
| There are two types of lipid derivatives, what are they? | Eicosanoids and steroid hormones |
| What are the four types of lipid derived eicosanoids? | Leukotrienes (inflammation), Prostaglandins (Pain), Thromboxane (blood clot formation), and Prostacyclin (opposite of thromboxane; prevent formation of platelet plug (clot)) |
| What makes up lipid derived steroids? | Made from cholesterol |
| When a hormone binds to a receptor it forms what? *hint: HRC | It forms a Hormone Receptor Complex |
| Where are the intracellular receptors located? | They are located in the cytoplasm or on DNA of target cell |
| Where are the cell surface receptors located? | On plasma membrane of target cell |
| What is up-regulation of receptors? | Absence of a specific hormone (low levels compared to normal), triggers *increase* in number of receptors for that hormone |
| What is down-regulation of receptors? | Overabundance of specific hormone (high levels compared to normal), triggers *decrease* in number of receptors for that hormone |
| Water soluble, non steroid hormones are what? | They are first messengers/ they cannot enter cell and must bind outside/ this causes a second messenger (like cAMP or calcium) to activate |
| Lipid soluble hormones are what? | They are able to enter cell cytoplasm or through nuclear envelope to DNA and create change |
| What does amplification mean? | When a small number of first messengers causes thousands of second messengers to be made in the cell |
| What does Receptor Cascade mean? | When a single hormone causes the release of more than one type of second messenger in a series of linked reactions |
| What are the two types of Receptor Systems? | Direct Gene Activation and Second Messenger System |
| What the lipid soluble steroid hormone? | Adrenal gland (aldosterone, cortisol, androgens)/ Testes (testosterone)/ Ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)/ Kidneys (calcitriol) |
| What are the three endocrine reflexes? | Humoral Stimuli, Hormonal Stimuli, Neural Stimuli |
| What is simple endocrine reflexes? | Involves only 1 hormone; controls hormone secretion by heart, pancreas, parathyroid gland, and digestive tract |
| What is complex endocrine reflexes? | Involves 2 or more hormones; involves the hypothalamus |
Created by:
ajosue1313
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