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Articulation-joints
Bio 169 Lecture and Lab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Three way to move a bone | 1. move the point past another bone 2. Change the angle of the shaft in relation to another bone 3. Rotate the shaft |
| Articular Motion: Gliding (Linear) movement | two surfaces sliding past one another |
| Articular Motion: Angular movement | opening or closing an angle (20-180 degrees) -Flexion, -Extension and Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, -Circumduction |
| Articular Motion: Rotation | turning a bone inwards or outwards -External (lateral) rotation, -Internal (medial) rotation, -Pronation, -Supination |
| Articular Motion: Special Movements | related to particular joints, like the thumb -Inversion, Eversion, Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion, Opposition, Reposition, Protraction, Retraction, Elevation, Depression, Lateral flexion |
| Axes of Motion: Monaxial | Movement around one axis |
| Axes of Motion: Biaxial | Movement around two axes |
| Axes of Motion: Triaxial | Movement around three axes |
| Axes of Motion: Multiaxial/nonaxial | Movement in any direction |
| Orthogonal Axes: XYZ | The right glenohumeral (shoulder joint highlights three orthogonal axes of rotation and associated planes of angular motion. -flexion and extension -abduction and adduction -internal rotation and external rotation |
| Gliding Joint Examples (nonaxial or multiaxial movement) | Sacroiliac joint (Iliac and Sacrum; pregnant women) Intercarpal joints (wrist bones) Vertebrocostal joints (rib to vertebrae) Acromioclavicular joint + Sternoclavicular joint |
| Hinge Joint Examples (monoaxial, angular movement) | Elbow joint knee joint Ankle joint Interphalangeal joints (fingers and toes) |
| Condylar Joint Examples (biaxial, angular movement) | Radiocarpal joint of wrist Metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5 (knuckles) Metatarsophalangeal joints 2-5 (toe to foot) |
| Ball & Socket Joint Examples (triaxial. Angular movement that includes circumduction, plus rotation movement) | Shoulder joint (glenohumeral) Hip joint (acetabulofemoral) |
| Saddle Joint Examples (biaxial, angular movement) | Carpometacarpal joint (CMC)=Thumb Sternoclavicular joint |
| Pivot Joint Examples (monaxial, rotatio movement) | Atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2) (near neck) Proximal radioulnar joint of elbow |
| The joint can or cannot be both mobile and strong? | Cannot |
| The greater the mobility, the ___________ the joint | weaker |
| Mobile joints are supported by muscles/tendons and ligaments, not bone to bone connections (sutures). Therefore, injuries to muscles/tendons, or ligaments do what to joints? | Destabilize them |
| Movement in Synovial Joints means the | Plane or direction of motion between bones |
| Circumduction is to | make an "O" with a fixed point, as in shoulder or hip circle |
| Rotation of a joint is to | spin medially or laterally in place from a fixed point, as in head, shoulder, or hip |
| Angular Movements: Flexion | -Anterior-posterior plane -reduces angle between elements |
| Angular Movements: Extension | -Anterior-posterior plan -increases angle between elements |
| Angular Movements Hyperextension | -extension past anatomical position |
| Angular Movements Abduction | -frontal plane -moves away from longitudinal axis -away from body center |
| Angular Movements Adduction | -Frontal plan e -moves toward longitudinal axis -toward body center |
| Angular Movements Circumduction | -Circular motion without rotation -combination of angles which appears to be seamless and uninterrupted 360 degrees. |
| Pronation | -turns forearm radius over ulna, palm faces posterior |
| Supination | -forearm in anatomical position, pal faces anterior |
| Inversion | Face sole of foot inward |
| Eversion | face sole of foot outward |
| Dorsiflexion | flexion at ankle (lifting toes to ceiling) |
| Plantar flexion | extension at ankle (point toes to floor) |
| Elevation | moves in superior direction (up) |
| Depression | moves in inferior direction (down) |
| Lateral Flexion | bends vertebral column form side to side |
| Arthros means | joint |
| Articulation (joint) is where | 2 bones meet |
| Kinesiology | the study of motion |
| 3 functions of joints | Synarthrotic Amphiarthrotic Diarthrotic |
| Function of Synarthrosis | No range of motion (ROM) Extremely strong to preven movement Ex: Skull sutures Syn means together or interlocked |
| Function of Amphiarthrosis | Some ROM Slight movements possible but made for stability Ex: ankles & wrists |
| Function of Diarthrosis (Synovial joints) | Full range of motion Free movement but unstable Ex: Shoulders & knees Dia means through |
| Synovial joints contain which matrix? | All three -fibers -cartilage -bone |
| 4 Structures that have Synarthrosis (no ROM) | 1. Suture 2. Gomphosis 3. Synchondrosis 4. Synostosis |
| 2 Structures that have Amphiarthrosis (some ROM) | 1. syndesmosis 2. symphysis |
| 1 structure that has diarthrosis (full ROM) | 1. synovial joints |
| Suture are and examples | are bones interlocked by tough dense fibers (sewn together) Ex: skull bones |
| Gomphosis are and examples | -are fibrous preiodontal ligament -they bolt teeth into sockets Ex: tooth in socket |
| Synchondrosis are and examples | -rigid cartilage bridge between 2 bones Ex: Epiphyseal cartilage of long bones ribs 1 & 2 where attached to manubrium |
| Synostosis are and examples | are 2 bones fuse and boundary disappears examples: -craniosynotosis of skull-premature fusio nof the fibrous sutures of skull -epiphyseal lines of long bones; mature bones fuse the growth plates, changing cartilage of childhood to bone of adulthood |
| Syndesmosis are and examples | are bones connected by fibrous ligaments ex: tibia/fibula , radius/ulna |
| Symphysis are and examples | are two bones connected by a wedge of tough fibrocartilage ex: pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc |
| Synovial Joints are and examples | are at the end of articulating bones have special features like articular capsule and synovial fluid have full range of motion ex: between fingers, toes, ankles, wrists, knees, elbows, shoulders, hips, rib to spine, and vertebral facet joints |
| Articular cartilage reduces what in joints? | friction, aided by synovial fluid |
| Articular cartilage resembles what (smooth, brittle, glass-like) kind of cartilage | hyaline |
| What is the most common damage to the articular cartilage? | Osteoarthritis |
| Rheumatoid arthritis and septic arthritis are due to what? | damage to the articular cartilage |
| Synovial Fluid is like what? | raw egg whites |
| Synovial fluids characteristics (do what) | 1. Lubrication 2. nutrient distribution 3. shock absorption |
| Synoviocytes are found where? | synovial membrane |
| There are two types of Synoviocytes (cells) | Fibroblast (makes fibers) and macrophage (part of the immune system) |
| Synovial fluid is a what kind of fluid? | non-newtonian |
| Rheopectic fluid (non-newtonian) does what? | solidify when shaken |
| Meniscus (accessory structures) | is an articular disc with tough fibrocartilage between bones -found in the knee (femur and tibia) and temporomendibular joint |
| Fat pad (accessory structures) | -adipose mass covered in synovial membrane, usually outside joint capsule -fill in empty spaces when joint moves |
| Capsular ligaments (accessory structures) | -can be outside (extracapsular) or inside (intracapsular) the synovial joint |
| Tendons (accessory structures) | are not part of a joint but lend stability even when not moving |
| Bursae (Bursa) (accessory structure) | -Thin, fluid-filled pockets in CT that contain synovial fluid -Protects where a tendon or ligament rubs against tissue -Reduce friction, act as shock absorbers |
| Synovial tendon sheaths are | are tubular bursae surrounding long tendons passing over wrist and ankle joints |
| Adventitious bursae are | abnormal occurrence due to distorted movement |
| Dislocation (luxation) Injuries to Joints | Articulating surfaces forced out of position Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule |
| Subluxation Injuries to Joints | A partial dislocation |
| Rheumatism Degenerative Changes in Joints | a pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems |
| Arthritis Degenerative Changes in Joints | all forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints |
| Osteoarthritis Degenerative Changes in Joints | due to repetitive motion of opposing joint surfaces; some genetic factors affecting collagen formation |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis Degenerative Changes in Joints | -autoimmune disease of joints (and organs) -immune system attacks itself -is inflammatory condition due to genetic and environmental factors Affects wrists and hands, lungs, heart |
| Gouty Arthritis Degenerative Changes in Joints | -occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts) form within synovial fluid -due to metabolic disorders -consuming meat, seafood, beer, and being overweight are factors |
| Joint immobilization | Reduces flow of synovial fluid Can cause arthritis symptoms Treated by Continuous Passive Motion or CPM (therapy) |
| bones and aging | Bone mass decreases Bones weaken Increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic fracture |
| Bone recycling means | -Living bones maintain homeostatic ion equilibrium -Bone building (osteoblasts) and breakdown (osteoclasts) -Calcium! -Bone contains 99% of total body calcium |
Created by:
jruiz9
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