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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | When 2 different molecules/substances cling to one another by hydrogen bonds (ex: water to glass) |
| Cohesion | Molecules of the same type that stick together by hydrogen bonds (ex: water to water) |
| Hydrogen Bond | A weak bond interaction between the negative and positive regions of 2 separate molecules. |
| Polar | When a molecule has an uneven distribution of charges in different regions |
| Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that forms a chemical element. |
| Essential Element | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. |
| Macromolecule | A molecule made from smaller molecules through the dehydration reaction. |
| Cleavage | Succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | A reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | Conversion of polymers into monomers with the addition of water. |
| Monomer | A small molecule used as a building block for polymers. |
| Amino Acid | An organic molecule that consists of a carboxyl and an amino group that can serve as a monomer of a polypeptide. |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terminus | The end of a peptide with a free amino group . |
| Carbohydrates | Organic compounds made up of sugar molecules |
| Carboxyl Terminus/C-Terminus | The end of a peptide with a free carboxyl group. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T). |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having 1 fewer hydroxyl group than ribose. |
| Hydrophilic | attracts water molecules, "water-loving" |
| Hydrophobic | does not dissolve in water |
| Lipid | Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly or don't mix at all with water. |
| Nitrogenous base | A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. (ex: DNA bases are Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine) |
| Nucleic Acid | Polymers made of nucleotides |
| Nucleotide | Organic molecule and building block of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. Made from a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group & a nitrogenous base |
| Phosphate | A chemical compound made up of one phosphorus and 4 oxygen atoms, can form phospholipids |
| Phospholipids | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids are hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule are hydrophilic heads. |
| Polymer | Macromolecule made of many monomers linked by covalent bonds. |
| Protein | A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded & coiled into a specific 3D structure. |
| R group | The atom(s) attached to the central carbon of amino acids, may vary, can be hydrophobic, hydrophilic or ionic. |
| Ribonucleic Acid | RNA; single stranded molecule made of ribose, phosphate groups, and bases like Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine & Uracil |
| Ribose | Sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Saturated Fats | Fat in which ALL 3 fatty acid chains contains the maximum possible number of H atoms, single bond |
| Unsaturated Fats | Fat with less than the maximum number of H atoms in one or more of its fatty acid chains, double bond |
| 3' | "Three prime end", ends at the hydroxyl group of the third carbon in the sugar-ring |
| 5' | "Five prime end", the end of the DNA or RNA strand that has the fifth carbon in the sugar-ring of the deoxyribose or ribose at its terminus |
| Alpha Helix | A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of of the polypeptide backbone. |
| Antiparallel ( in regards to DNA) | The arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. |
| Beta-Sheet | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. 2 regions of the chain lie parallel to each other & are held together by hydrogen bonds b/w atoms of the polypeptide backbone. |
| Covalent Bond | Bond type in which atoms share electrons |
| Double Helix | The form of native DNA, referring to the 2 adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. |
| Peptide | Short chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| Polypeptide | Chain of many amino acids |
| Primary Structure | The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids. |
| Secondary Structure | Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone. |
| Subunit | Unit that is part of a larger unit (ex: monomers are subunits of polymers) |
| Synthesis | the composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole |
| Tertiary Structure | The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, & disulfide bridges. |
| Sugar-Phosphate Backbone | Structural component of DNA, consists of 5-carbon sugars and phosphate groups |
Created by:
AmericaC
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