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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary- Navarro
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | When two different molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other |
| Cohesion | When two of the same molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other |
| Hydrogen Bond | A weak bond interaction between the negative and positive regions of two separate molecules |
| Polar | two bonded atoms share electrons unequally |
| Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element |
| Essential Element | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce |
| Macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules |
| Cleavage | The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane |
| Dehydration Synthesis | When two monomers form a bond, each contributes a part of a water molecule that is released in the reaction. |
| Hydrolysis | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water |
| Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer |
| Amino Acid | An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terminus | A polypeptide ends with an amino group |
| Carbohydrates | A sugar or one of its dimers or polymers |
| Carboxyl Terminus/C-Terminus | A polypeptide ends with a carboxyl group |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | A nucleic acid polymer containing 2 strands, each strand is an antiparallel 5'-3' direction |
| Deoxyribose | A sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen |
| Hydrophilic | Having an affinity for water |
| Hydrophobic | A substance that repels water |
| Lipid | Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water |
| Nitrogenous Base | A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base |
| Nucleic Acid | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers |
| Nucleotide | The building blocks of nucleic acids. Consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phospate, and a nitrogenous base: adenine, thymine (DNA), cytosine, guanine, or Uracil (in RNA). |
| Phosphate | A chemical compound made up of one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms |
| Phospholipids | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds |
| Protein | A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. |
| R group | Side chain of an amino acid. |
| Ribonucleic Acid | A nucleic acids that contains one strand. It has nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil) |
| Ribose | A five-carbon sugar found in RNA |
| Saturated Fats | Contains only single bonds between carbon atoms |
| Unsaturated Fats | Contains at least one double bond formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms in the carbon skeleton |
| 3’ | One end of a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule |
| 5' | The other end of a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule |
| Alpha Helice | A delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid |
| Antiparallel – in regards to DNA | The two sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite 5'-->3' directions from each other |
| Beta-Sheet | Two or more strands of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbones |
| Covalent Bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons |
| Double Helix | Two strands that spiral around an imaginary axis |
| Peptide | short chains of between two and fifty amino acids, linked by peptide bonds |
| Primary Structure | Linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence. |
| Secondary Structure | The Coiled or folded in patterns, that contribute to the protein’s shape, resulted from the hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone. |
| Subunit | A single protein molecule that assembles with other protein molecules to form a complex protein |
| Synthesis | The process of combining two or more components to produce an entity |
| Tertiary Structure | The overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from the interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids |
| Sugar-Phosphate Backbone | The backbone composed of a phosphate group linked to the sugars of two nucleotides. The hydroxyl is attached to a 3' end, and the phosphate is attached to a 5' end of each nucleotide |
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