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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary - Castillo
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds. |
| Cohesion | The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. |
| Hydrogen Bond | A type of weak chemical bond that forms when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule. |
| Polar | A molecule that is polar has an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the said molecule. |
| Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
| Essential Element | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. |
| Macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. |
| Cleavage | A division or separation of form. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers. |
| Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
| Amino Acid | An organic molecule processing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides. |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terminus | The start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group located at the end of a polypeptide. |
| Carbohydrates | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). |
| Carboxyl Terminus/C-Terminus | The end of an amino acid chain, terminated by a free carboxyl group. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, made of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous base adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; capable of being replicated and deciding the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Hydrophilic | Having an affinity for water. |
| Hydrophobic | Having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water. |
| Lipid | Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. |
| Nitrogenous Base | A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. |
| Nucleic Acid | A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA. |
| Nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. |
| Phosphate | A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer. |
| Phospholipids | Lipids made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and phosphate group.Hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails.The rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. -form bilayers that work as biological membranes. |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. |
| Protein | A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. |
| R group | An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule. |
| Ribonucleic Acid | Type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases: (A, C, T, and Uracil) ;usually single stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and genome of some viruses. |
| Ribose | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Saturated Fats | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| Unsaturated Fats | A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| 3' | Three prime; the end with the terminal hydroxyl group on the 3' carbon of the deoxyribose. |
| 5' | Five prime; the end with the terminal phosphate group on the 5' carbon of the deoxyribose. |
| Alpha Helice | A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains.) |
| Antiparallel – in regards to DNA | A term used to describe the opposite orientations of the two strands of a DNA double helix; the 5' end of one strand aligns with the 3' end of the other strand. |
| Beta-Sheet | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone -not the side chains |
| Covalent Bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. |
| Double Helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. |
| Peptide | A short chain of amino acids. |
| Polypeptide | A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
| Primary Structure | The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids. |
| Secondary Structure | Regions of repetitive coiling or foiling of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains). |
| Subunit | A subdivision or a distinct component of a larger unit. |
| Synthesis | Meaning the creation of something; it is the process of combining two or more components to produce an entity. |
| Tertiary Structure | The overall shape of of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges. |
| Sugar-Phosphate Backbone | Consists of 5-carbon deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups. It forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. |
Created by:
victoria.castillo
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