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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | Two DIFFERENT molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other (amino acid and water). |
| Cohesion | Two of the SAME molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other (water and water). |
| Hydrogen Bond | Noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom. |
| Polar | Overall charge is unevenly distributed (Opposites (-) and (+)). Ex: One molecule is a partial negative charge and another molecule is a partial positive charge. OR Bonds form when two bonded atoms share electrons unequally. |
| Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Or the result of increased hydrogen bonding forces between water and molecules at the surface. |
| Atom | A typical long extension, or process, of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells. |
| Essential Element | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. |
| Macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. |
| Cleavage | The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Reaction used to create macromolecules. The subcomponents of water (H and OH) are removed and later join together to form the molecule water. |
| Hydrolysis | Reactions that break covalent bonds. Polymers are hydrolyzed (broken down) into monomers. A water molecule is then hydrolyzed into subcomponents (H and OH) and each subcomponent is added to a different monomer. |
| Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
| Amino Acid | An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl group and an amino group. Amino acids are monomers that make up proteins. |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terminus | A polypeptide of any length has a single amino end (N-Terminus) (left side). Amino terminus give amino acids directionality and determine how amino acids assemble into protein polymers. |
| Carbohydrates | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). |
| Carboxyl Terminus/C-Terminus | A polypeptide of any length has a single carboxyl end (C-Terminus) (right side). Carboxyl terminus give amino acids directionality and determine how amino acids assemble into protein polymers. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A, C, G, T. |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose (sugar of RNA). |
| Hydrophilic | A substance has an affinity for water. (Mix with water.) |
| Hydrophobic | Substances are nonionic and nonpolar which leads them to repel water. They do not have an affinity for water. (Repel from water). |
| Lipid | Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly with water. Nonpolar macromolecule. |
| Nitrogenous Base | A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. A nitrogen base in DNA contains A,C,G,T. In RNA, it contains A,C,G,U. |
| Nucleic Acid | A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA. |
| Nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. |
| Phosphate | A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important for energy transfer. |
| Phospholipids | A dual property that allows for regional differences in how the molecules behave. Phospholipids have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. |
| Polymer | A macromolecule made of many monomers. |
| Protein | A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. |
| R Group | The atom attached to the central carbon. These R group properties determine how amino acids interact within the polypeptide and determine the structure and function of the protein. |
| Ribonucleic Acid | A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases (A, C,G,U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses. |
| Ribose | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Saturated Fats | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by SINGLE bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| Unsaturated Fats | A fatty acid that has ONE or MORE DOUBLE bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| 3' | DNA is a nucleic acid polymer containing two strands, each strand is antiparallel 5'-3' direction. (3' hydroxyl of the sugar in the nucleotide.) |
| 5' | DNA is a nucleic acid polymer containing two strands, each strand is antiparallel 5'-3' direction. (5' phosphate of the sugar in the nucleotide.) |
| Alpha Helice | A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. |
| Antiparallel – in regards to DNA | Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. 5'-3' 3'-5' |
| Beta-Sheet | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. |
| Covalent Bond | A term used to describe the bond type in which atoms share electrons. |
| Double Helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. |
| Peptide | A short chain of amino acids. Peptide bond is the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. |
| Polypeptide | A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. The primary structure of a protein, consists of a specific order of amino acids and determines the overall shape the protein can achieve. |
| Primary Structure | The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids. |
| Secondary Structure | Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains). |
| Subunit | A unit that is part of a larger unit |
| Synthesis | The creation of something. "To make". The process of combining two or more components to produce an entity. |
| Tertiary Structure | The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges. |
| Sugar-Phosphate Backbone | The “sides” of the ladder (or strands of DNA) are known as the sugar-phosphate backbone. It consists of 5-carbon deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups. |
Created by:
Kendra R.
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