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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary-Lara
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | The clinging of one substance to another |
| Cohesion | The linking together of like molecules. often by hydrogen bonds |
| Hydrogen Bond | a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other. |
| Polar | covalent bond between two atoms where the electrons forming the bond are unequally distributed. This causes the molecule to have a slight electrical dipole moment where one end is slightly positive and the other is slightly negative. |
| Surface | The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules." ... |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the property of an element |
| Essential Element | chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow or reproduce |
| Macromolecule | giant molecule formed by joining smaller molecules, usually by dehydration reaction. |
| Cleavage | succession of rapid cells divisions without significant growth during embryonic developments that converts the zygote to a ball of cells. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | formation of larger molecules from smaller reactants, accompanied by the loss of a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis | chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water |
| Monomer | subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
| Amino Acid | An organic molecule processing both a carboxyl and amino group. serves as the monomers of polypeptides. |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terminus | the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group located at the end of a polypeptide |
| Carbohydrates | A sugar or one of its dimers or polymers |
| Carboxyl Terminus/C-Terminus | Chemical group present in organic acids and consisting of a single atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and hydroxyl group |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development. |
| Deoxyribose | sugar component of DNA nucleotides |
| Hydrophilic | having an affinity for water |
| Hydrophobic | having no affinity for water, tends to coalesce and form droplets of water |
| Lipid | group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids and steroids, mix poorly with water |
| Nitrogenous Base | A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). |
| Nucleic Acid | polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers, serves a blue print for proteins and through the actions of proteins, DNA and RNA |
| Nucleotide | building block of nucleic acid, consisting of 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one more phosphate group |
| Phosphate | phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid H ₃PO ₄ |
| Phospholipids | a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group, and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue |
| Polymer | long molecule of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds |
| Protein | biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptide folded and coiled into a three dimensional structure |
| R group | side chain specific to each amino acid that confers particular chemical properties to that amino acid. |
| Ribonucleic Acid | RNA is single-stranded. An RNA strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (ribose) and phosphate groups |
| Ribose | a type of simple sugar, or carbohydrate, that our bodies make. It is an essential component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which supplies energy to our cells. |
| Saturated Fats | A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all or predominantly single bond |
| Unsaturated Fats | Unsaturated fatty acid carbon chains contain one or more double bonds with a terminal carboxylic group (–COOH), unlike saturated fatty acids, which contain no double bonds. |
| 3' | DNA- one end with a terminal hydroxyl (OH) group on the deoxyribose of the 3' carbon of the deoxyribose. |
| 5' | DNA- one end with the terminal phosphate group on the 5' carbon of the deoxyribose; |
| Alpha Helix | common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a right hand-helix conformation in which every backbone N−H group hydrogen bonds to the backbone C=O. |
| Antiparallel-In regards to DNA | the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbone in a DNA double helix |
| Beta-Sheet | One form of the secondary structure of proteins. consist of beta strands connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet. |
| Covalent Bond | A type pf strong chemicals bond in which two atoms share on or more pairs of valence electrons |
| Double Helix | the form of native DNA m referring to its two adjacent anti parallel polynucleotide |
| Peptide | covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction |
| Polypeptide | polymer of many amino acids LINKED TOGETHER BY PEPTIDE BONDS |
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Jamileth03
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