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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion 1.1: Water | The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds |
| Cohesion 1.1: Water | The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds |
| Hydrogen Bond 1.1: Basic Chem | A type of weak chemical bond that forms when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule |
| Polar 1.1: Water | A molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule |
| Surface Tension 1.1: Water | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high_____ because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules |
| Atom 1.2: Basic Chem | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element |
| Essential Element 1.2: Organic Chem | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce |
| Macromolecule 1.2: Organic Chem | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are ______ |
| Cleavage 1.3: Basic Chem | The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane |
| Dehydration Synthesis 1.3: Organic Chem | A chemical reaction where two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis 1.3: Organic Chem | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between to molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers |
| Monomer 1.3: Organic Chem | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer |
| Amino Acid 1.4: Protein | An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. _____ serve as the monomers of polypeptides (protein) |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terminus 1.4: Protein | The 5-prime (5') end of the polypeptide chain that has a nitrogen atom or a 'free amino group.' Peptide bonds connect all of the amino acids of the chain together. |
| Carbohydrates 1.4: Organic Chem | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides) |
| Carboxyl Terminus/C-Terminus 1.4: Protein | The 3-prime (3') end (or 'terminus') of the amino acid chain. It has a free carboxyl group (COOH). |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 1.4: Organic Chem | A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-standard helix in which a polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar & the nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, T) can be replicated & determines inherited structure of a cell's protein |
| Deoxyribose 1.4: Nucleic Acids | The sugar component of DNA nucleotide, having one fewer than hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar components of RNA nucleotides |
| Hydrophilic 1.4: Water | Having an affinity for water |
| Hydrophobic 1.4: Water | Having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water |
| Lipid 1.4: Organic Chem | Any group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that mix poorly, if at all with water |
| Nitrogenous Base 1.4: Nucleic Acids | : A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. The ____ in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). |
| Nucleic Acid 1.4: Nucleic Acids | A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. (DNA and RNA) |
| Nucleotide 1.4: Nucleic Acids | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups |
| Phosphate 1.4: Organic Chem | A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer |
| Phospholipids 1.4: Lipids | Lipid made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. Hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Bilayers function as biological membranes |
| Polymer 1.4: Organic Chem | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds |
| Protein 1.4: Organic Chem | A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional figure |
| R group 1.4: Protein | An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule. Sometimes used more loosely, to include other elements such as halogens, oxygen, or nitrogen. |
| Ribonucleic Acid 1.4: Nucleic Acids | A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases (A,C,G,U) usually single stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome if some viruses |
| Ribose 1.4: Nucleic Acids | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides |
| Saturated Fats 1.4: Lipids | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton |
| Unsaturated Fats 1.4: Lipids | A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in that hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton |
| 3’ 1.5: Nucleic Acids | nucleic acid strand is inherently directional, and the "3 prime end" has a free hydroxyl (or phosphate) on a 3' carbon |
| 5’ 1.5: Nucleic Acids | nucleic acid strand is inherently directional, and the "5 prime end" has a free hydroxyl (or phosphate) on a 5' carbon |
| Alpha Helice 1.5: Protein | A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between the atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains) |
| Antiparallel – in regards to DNA 1.5: Nucleic Acids | Referring to the arrangement of the sugar phosphate-backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5'--> 3' directions)A chemical reaction that breaks |
| Beta-Sheet 1.5: Protein | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. 2 regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held by hydrogen bonds between the atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains) |
| Covalent Bond 1.5: Basic Chem | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons |
| Double Helix 1.5: Nucleic Acids | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent anti parallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape |
| Peptide 1.5: Protein | The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino acid group of another, formed by a dehydration reaction |
| Polypeptide 1.5: Protein | A polymer consisting of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
| Primary Structure 1.5: Protein | The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary Structure 1.5: Protein | Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains) |
| Subunit 1.5: Organic Chem | a distinct component of something |
| Synthesis 1.5: Basic Chem | it refers to the production of an organic compound in a living thing, especially as aided by enzymes. |
| Tertiary Structure 1.5: Protein | The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges |
| Sugar-Phosphate Backbone 1.5: Nucleic Acids | The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. This backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule. |
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