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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary - Cruz
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | two different molecules form hydrogen bonds. |
| Cohesion | two same molecules form hydrogen bonds. |
| Hydrogen Bond | is a weak bond interaction between the negative and positive regions of two separate molecules. |
| Polar | a chemical species in which the distribution of electrons between the covalently bonded atoms is not even. |
| Surface Tension | a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. |
| Atom | the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
| Essential Element | a chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow and reproduce. |
| Macromolecule | a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. |
| Cleavage | the process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in assembly of polymers to monomers. |
| Monomer | the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
| Amino Acid | an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino acid. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides. |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terinus | The N-terminus is the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group located at the end of a polypeptide. |
| Carbohydrates | a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). |
| Carboxyl Terminus/C-terminus | The C-terminus is the end of an amino acid chain, terminated by a free carboxyl group. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA_ | a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine , cytosine, gianine, and thymine; capable replicated & determining inherited structure of cells proteins. |
| Deoxyribose | the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Hydrophobic | having no affinity for water, tending to coalesce and form droplets in water. |
| Lipid | any group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. |
| Nitrogenous Base | A molecule that contains nitrogen & has the chemical properties of a base. The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, guanine, thymine, & cytosine. The nitrogenous bases in RNA are the same, with one exception: adenine, guanine, uracil, &cytosine. |
| Nucleic Acid | a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA. |
| Nucleotide | the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. |
| Phosphate | a chemical compound made up of one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms. Phosphates can form phospholipids, which make up the cell membrane. |
| Phospholipids | a lipids made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the FA act as nonpolar,hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts a polar hydrophilic head. Phos. form bilayers function as bio. membranes. |
| Polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by a covalent bond. |
| Protein | a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. |
| R Group | abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule. Sometimes used more loosely, to include other elements such as halogens, oxygen, or nitrogen. |
| Ribonucleic Acid | type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, & uracil, single stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, & genome of some viruses. |
| Ribose | the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Saturated Fats | fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to carbon skeleton. |
| 3' | A term that identifies one end of a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule. The 3' end is that end of the molecule which terminates in a 3' phosphate group. |
| 5' | The 5′-end (pronounced "five prime end") designates the end of the DNA or RNA strand that has the fifth carbon in the sugar-ring of the deoxyribose or ribose at its terminus. |
| Alpha Helice | the coiled structural arrangement of many proteins consisting of a single chain of amino acids stabilized by hydrogen bonds. |
| Antiparallel - in regards to DNA | referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. |
| Beta-Sheet | one form of the 2nd structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back & forth. 2 regions of the chain lie parallel to each other & are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. |
| Covalent Bond | a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. |
| Double Helix | the form of native DNA, referring to its 2 adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide stands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. |
| Peptide | A compound consisting of amino acids connected by an amide bond |
| Polypeptide | a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
| Primary Structure | the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids. |
| Secondary Structure | regions of repetitive coiling folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone. |
| Subunit | a single protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with other protein molecules to form a protein complex. |
| Synthesis | The production of an organic compound in a living thing, especially as aided by enzymes. Supplement. In general, the term synthesis pertains to the creation of something. It is the process of combining two or more components to produce an entity. |
| Tertiary Structure | the overall shape of a protein molecules due to interactions of amino acids side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges. |
| Sugar-Phosphate Backbone | forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. This backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule. |
Created by:
evelyncruz
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