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Unit 1 - Islas
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | The clinging the of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds. |
| Cohesion | The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. |
| Hydrogen Bond | A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond. |
| Polar | A chemical species in which the distribution of electrons between the covalently bonded atoms is not even. |
| Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
| Essential Element | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. |
| Macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. |
| Cleavage | The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water. |
| Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
| Amino Acid | An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides. |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terminus | The amino terminus is that end of the molecule which terminates in a free amino group. |
| Carbohydrates | A sugar (monosaccharides) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides) |
| Carboxyl Terminus/C-Terminus | The carboxyl terminus is that end of the molecule which terminates in a free carboxyl group. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Hydrophilic | Having an affinity for water. |
| Hydrophobic | Having no affinity for water. |
| Lipid | Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, it at all, with water. |
| Nitrogenous Base | A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). |
| Nucleic Acid | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. DNA & RNA. |
| Nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate group. |
| Phosphate | A chemical compound made up of one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms. When it is attached to a molecule containing carbon, it is called a phosphate group. |
| Phospholipids | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. |
| Protein | A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. |
| R Group | An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule. |
| Ribonucleic Acid | A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. |
| Ribose | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Saturated Fats | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| Unsaturated Fats | A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. |
| 3' | Three prime |
| 5' | Five prime |
| Alpha Helice | the coiled structural arrangement of many proteins consisting of a single chain of amino acids stabilized by hydrogen bonds. |
| Antiparallel - in regards to DNA | Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. |
| Beta-Sheet | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. |
| Covalent Bonds | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. |
| Double Helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. |
| Peptide | A short chain of amino acids. |
| Polypeptide | A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
| Primary Structure | The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids. |
| Secondary Structure | Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone. |
| Subunit | A single protein molecule that assembles with other protein molecules to form a protein complex. |
| Synthesis | The production of an organic compound in a living thing, especially as aided by enzymes. |
| Tertiary Structure | The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges. |
| Sugar-Phosphate Backbone | The term for the strongly bonded alternating chain of sugar molecules and phosphate ions on a molecule of nucleic acid. |
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giselleislas07
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