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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary - Rebancos
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds |
| Cohesion | The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds (ex: water and water) |
| Hydrogen Bond | A chemical bond that is formed with a slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to a slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. |
| Polar | A molecule with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule |
| Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules. |
| Water | A polar molecule. It also has high specific heat and has many different properties like capillary action, _ floating ( cohesion), surface tension, solvency (adhesion). |
| Basic Chem | Relates to how protons, neutrons, or electrons are in an atom. Relates to the bonding and how it happens because of electronegativity. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element |
| Essential Element | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The major elements of life are C,H,O,N,S, P.... |
| Macromolecule | ____ are polymers, built from monomers. The three classes that are included this are carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| Organic Chem | The study of carbon compounds. Organic compounds range from simple molecules to protein, with thousands of atoms. Most organic compounds have hydrogen and carbon atoms. This study originated to purify and improve foods, medicines, and fabrics |
| Amino Acid | They are the monomers that make up proteins/polypeptides. It is an organic molecule possessing both a amino group and a carboxyl |
| Protein | A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3-d structure. Amino acids make up this polymer. The elements that make this up are Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. |
| Amino Terminus/ N-Terminus | The remaining free amino group at the end of the amino acids chain that makes up a protein |
| DNA | An example of a nucleic acid. It is a molecule that consists of a nucleotide monomer with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine. |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar component of DNA nucleotides. |
| Hydrophilic | Molecules having an affinity for water. |
| Hydrophobic | Molecules repelling against water. |
| Lipids | Any group of biological molecules, including fats and phospholipids. It is a molecule that doesn't have true monomers that make it up. It is made up from fatty acids and glycerol. |
| Nitrogenous Base | These are what make up the nucleotides that make up the nucleic acids. The main 5 from this group is Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, and Uracil. |
| Nucleic Acid | A polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers.; serves as a blueprint for proteins ad cellular activities. An example of this is DNA and RNA |
| Nucleotide | Consists of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. These monomers make up Nucleic Acids |
| Phosphate | A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. |
| Phospholipids | They are specialized lipids that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that determine the interactions with other molecules. |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. |
| R group | A group of atoms (amino acids) in a protein molecule. It can be hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or ionic. It depends what kind of amino acids that 'replaces' this group attached to the central carbon |
| Ribonucleic Acid | A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil. |
| Ribose | It is the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Saturated Fats | Relates to Lipids. Lipids have fatty acids that determines its structure and function based on saturation. This one has a straight structure and has more hydrogen atoms. |
| Unsaturated Fats | Relates to Lipids. Lipids have fatty acids that determines its structure and function based on saturation. This one has a bent structure and has less hydrogen atoms. What causes the bent structure is the cis double bonds |
| 3' | One part of the DNA that relates to he directionality of it. This is the __ hydroxyl of the sugar in the nucleotide |
| 5' | One part of the DNA that relates to he directionality of it. This is the __ phosphate of the sugar in the nucleotide |
| Alpha Helice | One type of the secondary structure. It is a coiled structure in which there is hydrogen bonding to every fourth amino acid |
| Antiparallel | Describes why two DNA strands or the sugar-phosphate backbones of DNA are in opposite directions; 5'-3'. |
| Beta-Sheet | The second type of the secondary structure. here, there are two or more polypeptide chains lying beside one another and are connected by hydrogen bonds between the two paralleled polypeptide bonds. |
| Covalent Bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons |
| Double Helix | The overall structure of DNA, when the DNA strands spiral around an imaginary axis. |
| Peptide | The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino aid and the amino group on another , formed by a dehydration synthesis |
| Polypeptide | A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
| Primary Structure | It is a linked series of amino acids with a unique structure and overall a linear chain of amino acids. It is the first stage/element of the protein structure. |
| Secondary Structure | It arises through local folding of amino acid chains into elements like alpha helices and beta sheets. It could have segments that are repeatedly folded to make up the protein's shape. The folding results from hydrogen bonds of the polypeptide backbone. |
| Subunit | A unit that is part of a larger unit. For example a single protein connects with other protein molecules to form a more complex protein |
| Synthesis | The creation of something new. The process of combining two or more components to produce an entity. |
| Tertiary Structure | 3d shape of the protein and often minimizes free energy; various types of bonds/interactions between the R groups that stabilize the protein at this level. |
| Sugar- Phosphate Backbone | A structural framework of DNA and RNA. It consists of the 5 carbon sugar and phosphate groups. |
| Carbohydrates | A sugar (monosaccharide, disaccharides, or polysaccharides) |
| Carboxyl/C-terminus | The carboxyl group at the end of the amino acids chain that makes up a protein |
Created by:
KatrinaRebancos
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