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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary- Dominguez
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | When 2 different molecules form a bond, usually hydrogen. |
| Cohesion | When 2 of the same molecules form a bond, usually hydrogen. |
| Hydrogen Bond | A weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond is attracted to another molecule with a slightly negative atom. |
| Polar | A separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups to have a negatively charged end and a positively charged end. |
| Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
| Essential Element | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. |
| Macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules. |
| Cleavage | The division of cells in early embryonic stages. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | The chemical reaction when two molecules become covalently bonded with the removal of a water molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | The chemical reaction when the bonds of two molecules are broken through the addition of water. |
| Monomer | The subunit that serves as a building block to a polymer. |
| Amino Acid | An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Monomers of poly peptides. |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terminus | The start with a free amino group of a protein or polypeptide. |
| Carbohydrates | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimer (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). |
| Carboxyl Terminus/C-Terminus | The end with a free carboxyl group of an amino acid chain. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA | A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases. |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar component of DNA nucleotides. |
| Hydrophilic | Any substance that has an affinity for water. |
| Hydrophobic | Substances that are nonionic and non polar which seem to repel water. |
| Lipid | Any group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly or not at all with water. |
| Nitrogenous Base | Nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides. |
| Nucleic Acid | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers. Blueprints for proteins. |
| Nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. |
| Phosphate | The molecule composed of phosphorus and oxygen and plays a major role in biological processes of many organisms |
| Phospholipids | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers liked together by covalent bonds. |
| Protein | A biological functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a three dimensional structure. |
| R Group | An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule. |
| Ribonucleic Acid | (RNA) A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases. |
| Ribose | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides, |
| Saturated Fats | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds. |
| Unsaturated Fats | A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. |
| 5' | The 5' end of the DNA is the one with the terminal phosphate group on the 5' carbon of the deoxyribose. |
| 3' | The 3' end is the one with a terminal hydroxyl (OH) group on the deoxyribose of the 3' carbon of the deoxyribose. |
| Alpha Helice | A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins. |
| Antiparallel – in regards to DNA | Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. (They run in opposite directions). |
| Beta-Sheet | One form of the secondary structure of the proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. |
| Covalent Bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. |
| Double Helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands. |
| Peptide | A short chain of amino acids. |
| Polypeptide | A polymer of many amino acid linked together by peptide bonds. |
| Primary Structure | The level of protein structure consisting of linear sequences of amino acids. |
| Secondary Structure | Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone. |
| Subunit | A building block of a bigger compound such as a single protein molecule. |
| Synthesis | The production of an organic compound in a living thing, especially as aided by enzymes. |
| Tertiary Structure | The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains. |
| Sugar-Phosphate Backbone | The thing which forms the structural framework of nucleic acids. |
Created by:
JonathanDD
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