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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary - Esquivel
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds. |
| Cohesion | The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. |
| Hydrogen Bond | A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule |
| Polar | A molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule |
| Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface tension of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of it's hydrogen bonding of surface molecules. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
| Essential Element | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce |
| Macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. |
| Cleavage | 1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. 2)The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells |
| Dehydration Synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the remogwl of a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers |
| Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of polymer |
| Amino acid | An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides |
| Amino Terminus/ N-Terminus | A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+ |
| Carbohydrates | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of it's dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides) |
| Carboxyl Terminus/ C-Terminus | A chemical group present in organic acids and cosisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | A nucleic acid molecule, ususally a double-stranded helix, in which ea. polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers w/ a deoxyribose sugar & the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, & thymine; capable of being replicated & determining t |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides |
| Hydrophilic | Having an affinity for water |
| Hydrophobic | Having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce & form droplets in water |
| Lipid | Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, & steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, w/ water. |
| Nitrogenous Base | A chemical that contains nitrogen. Nitrogenous base in DNA are Adenine, Gaunine, Cytosine, Thymine |
| Nucleic Acid | A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The 2 types are DNA and RNA |
| Nucleotide | The building block of nucleic acid, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups |
| Phosphate | A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer |
| Phospholipids | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids & a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobilic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids from bilayers that fun |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds |
| Protein | A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific3-dimensional structure |
| R group | The side chain |
| Ribonucleic Acid | A type of nucleid acid consisting of a plymer cleotide monomers w/ a ribose sugar & the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, & uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, & as the genome of some viruses. |
| Ribose | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides |
| Saturated Fats | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton |
| Unsaturated Fats | A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds betweeen carbons in the hydrocarbon tal. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| 3' | 3 prime indicates the carbon numbers. Hydroxyl |
| 5' | 5 prime indicates the carbon numbers. Phosphate group |
| Alpha Helice | A coiled region continuing one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains) |
| Antiparallel - in regards to DNA | Referring to the arrangement of the sugar- phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' --> 3' directions) |
| Beta-Sheet | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chain) |
| Covalent Bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons |
| Double Helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape |
| Peptide | The covalent bond between the carbonxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction |
| Polypeptide | A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
| Primary Structure | The level of protein structure referrin to the specific linear sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary Structure | Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chain) |
| Subunit | A distinct component of something |
| Synthesis | The production of ideas to form a theory or system. |
| Tertiary Structure | The overall structure of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges |
| Sugar-Phosphate Backbone | structural component in DNA. |
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