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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary - Castro
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | when two different molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other. |
| Cohesion | when two of the same molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other |
| Hydrogen Bond | oppositely charged regions of neighboring water molecules are attracted to each other and form a bond |
| Polar | a chemical species in which the distribution of electrons between the covalent bonded atoms is not even |
| Surface Tension | a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
| Atom | smallest unit into which matter can be divided without the release of electrically charged particles |
| Essential Element | any of a number of elements required by living organisms to ensure normal growth, development, and maintenance |
| Macromolecule | a large molecule composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all macromolecules. |
| Cleavage | the splitting of chemical bonds |
| Solvent | dissolving agent |
| Solution | liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances |
| Solute | substance dissolved |
| Hydrophobic | substances that are nonionic and nonpolar(or otherwise cannot form hydrogen bonds) and actually seem to repel water. (Ex.-oil) |
| Hydrophilic | any substance that has an affinity for water, but it does not necessarily dissolve in water. (Ex.-cotton) |
| Molarity | the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
| Acid | substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| Base | substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration |
| Buffer | a substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ ans OH- in a solution |
| Acid precipitation | rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower (more acidic) than 5.2 |
| Anabolic | "uphill" pathways that require energy to synthesize larger molecules |
| Catabolic | "downhill" pathways that generate energy by breaking down larger molecules |
| Kinetic energy | the energy of motion |
| Potential energy | energy that a matter possesses because of its location or structure |
| Spontaneous process | a process "energetically favorable" that can occur without an input of energy |
| Valence electrons | electrons of an atom, located in the outermost shell |
| Hydrocarbon | organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
| Isotope | different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons |
| Isomer | compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures hence different properties |
| Enantiomers | isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon |
| Denaturation | a process in which a protein loses its native shape and unravels due to changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other altered environment aspects. It causes the misshapen protein to be biologically inactive. |
| Dehydration synthesis | monomers are connected by this reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis | a process in which the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule, with the hydrogen from the water molecule attaching to one monomer and the hydroxyl group (-OH)attaching to the adjacent monomer. |
| Monomers | the repeating units that serves as the building blocks of a polymer |
| Amino acid | (monomer of a protein) an organic molecule possessing an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable group |
| Amino terminus (N-terminus) | the end of a polypeptide chain with a free amino group |
| Carbohydrates | includes sugars, it is the polymer of monosaccharides |
| Carboxyl terminus (C-terminus) | the end of the polypeptide chain that has a free carboxyl group |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | a nucleic acid molecule that contains the biological instructions that make each species unique |
| Deoxyribose | the five-carbon sugar molecule that helps form the phosphate backbone of DNA molecules. |
| Lipid | any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water (does not include true polymers) |
| Nitrogenous base | an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base |
| Nucleic acid | (polymers of nucleotides) the main information-carrying molecules of the cell, and, by directing the process of protein synthesis, they determine the inherited characteristics of every living thing (DNA & RNA) |
| Nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids |
| Phosphate | a chemical compound made up of one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms |
| Phospholipids | a molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone (hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads) |
| Polymer | long molecules consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked by covalent bonds |
| Protein | extremely complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds. |
| R group | a side chain specific to each amino acid that confers particular chemical properties to that amino acid |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. |
| Ribose | a five-carbon sugar found in RNA, where it alternates with phosphate groups to form the “backbone” of the RNA polymer and binds to nitrogenous bases |
| Saturated fats | a type of fat that lacks double bonds between carbon atoms |
| Unsaturated fats | a fat or fatty acid in which there is one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain |
| 3' | the third carbon atom in a deoxyribose sugar molecule to which a phosphate group bonds |
| 5' | the fifth atom in a deoxyribose sugar molecule to which a phosphate group bonds. |
| Alpha helix | a delicate coil held together by a hydrogen bond between every fourth amino acid (secondary structure of a protein) |
| Antiparallel (in regards to DNA) | while one strand runs from 3' to 5', its complementary strand, the other half of the double helix, runs from 5' to 3' |
| Beta-sheet | two or more strands of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbones (secondary structure of a protein) |
| Covalent bond | a chemical link between two atoms where electron pairs are shared (formed because of electronegativity) |
| Double helix | a description of the molecular shape of a double-stranded DNA molecule. It is composed of two linear strands that run opposite to each other, or anti-parallel, and twist together. |
| Peptide | a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain, the carboxyl group of each acid being joined to the amino group of the next by a bond of the type -OC-NH- |
| Polypeptide | a polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Primary structure | (of a protein) a linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence which affects the secondary and tertiary structures due to the chemical nature of backbone and the side chains of the amino acids positioned along the chain |
| Secondary Structure | (of a protein) the result of hydrogen bonds between atoms of the the polypeptide backbone |
| Tertiary structure | (of a protein) a three-dimensional shape that is stabilized by the interactions between the side chains |
| Subunit | a single protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with other protein molecules to form a protein complex |
| Synthesis | any process that creates something |
| Sugar-phosphate backbone | an important stuctural component of DNA that consists of 5-carbon deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups |
| Denaturation | a process in which a protein loses its native shape and unravels due to changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other altered environment aspects (protein - biologically inactive) |
Created by:
esteisi
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