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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | hydrogen bonding between two different molecules |
| Cohesion | hydrogen bonding between the same molecule |
| Hydrogen Bond | attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom |
| Polar | uneven distribution of overall charge |
| Surface Tension | measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
| Atom | smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
| Essential Element | elements an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen) |
| Macromolecule | molecules made of many atoms and are complex (carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, protein) |
| Cleavage | series of mitotic divisions where cytoplasm is divided |
| Dehydration Synthesis | two molecules that form a covalent bond with each other while releasing a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis | process in which water is added to polymers in order to reverse dehydration synthesis |
| Monomer | molecules that are similar or identical that can bond to form a larger polymer |
| Amino acid | organic molecule with both an amino group (NH.2) and a carboxyl group (COOH) |
| Amino terminus/N-terminus | one end of polypeptide chain with a free amino group |
| Carbohydrates | sugars and polymers of sugars |
| Carboxyl terminus/C-terminus | other end of polypeptide chain with a free carboxyl group. bonds with N-terminus |
| Deoxyriboneucleic acid (DNA) | genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents |
| Deoxyribose | sugar in DNA. lacks oxygen in second carbon in the ring |
| Hydrophilic | a substance that has an affinity for water |
| Hydrophobic | nonionic and nonpolar substances that repel water |
| Lipid | biological molecules that aren't soluble in water |
| Nitrogenous base | one or two rings that include nitrogen. a part of a nucleotide |
| Nucleic acid | polymers made of monomers called nucleotides |
| Nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made of a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and 1-3 phosphate groups |
| Phosphate | chemical compound made of one phosphorus and 4 oxygen atoms |
| Phospholipids | type of lipid made of two fatty acids and one phosphate group attached to glycogen - hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail |
| Polymer | long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds |
| Protein | biologically functioning molecule made up of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure |
| R group | side chain attached to amino acid that determine the unique characteristics of the particular amino acid |
| Ribonucleic acid | polymeric molecule essential in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes |
| Ribose | sugar in RNA. hydroxyl in second carbon in the ring |
| Saturated fats | no double bonds present in fatty acid chain, as many hydrogen atoms as possible bond to the carbon skeleton |
| Unsaturated fats | one or more double bonds present in fatty acid chain, one less hydrogen on each double bonded carbon |
| 3' | one end of sugar-phosphate backbone with hydroxyl group attached to its 3' carbon |
| 5' | other end of sugar-phosphate backbone with phosphate attached to its 5' carbon |
| Alpha helices | type of protein secondary structure; delicate coil held together by hydrogen bond between every fourth amino acid |
| Anti-parallel | two sugar-phosphate groups running opposite each other (5'-3', 3'-5') |
| Beta-sheet | type of protein secondary structure; two or more segments of a polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of polypeptide backbone |
| Covalent bond | sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms |
| Double helix | two polynucleotides that wind around an imaginary axis |
| Peptide | short chains between two and fifty amino acids, linked by peptide bonds |
| Polypeptide | polymer of amino acids |
| Primary structure | linear sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary structure | coils and folds as a result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone (not side chains) |
| Sub-unit | distinct component of something |
| Synthesis | production of an organic compound in a living thing, especially as aided by enzymes |
| Tertiary structure | overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between side chains of the various amino acids |
| Sugar-phosphate backbone | repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate units as a result of phosphodiester linkage |
| Pyrimidine | one six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms - thymine, cytosine, uracil |
| Purines | six-membered ring fused to 5-membered ring - adenine and guanine |
Created by:
andream18
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