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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary -Gonzalez G.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | the clinging of one substance to another |
| Cohesion | Collectively, the hydrogen bonds hold the substance together |
| Hydrogen Bond | type of of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule |
| Polar | A molecule with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule |
| Atom | the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
| Essential Element | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce |
| Macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by joining of smaller molecules usually by a dehydrating reaction |
| Cleavage | The succession of a rapid cell division without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells |
| Dehydration Synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water: functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers. |
| Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer |
| Amino Acid | an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group, serves as the monomer of polypeptides |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terminus | In the molecule of a peptide, the amino acid residue on one end as an amine group on the alpha carbon |
| Carbohydrates | a sugar or one of its dimers or polymers |
| Carboxyl Terminus/C-Terminus | The amino acid reside on the other end has a carboxylic acid group on the alpha carbon |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | a nucleic acid molecule in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomer with a deoxyribose sugar and the A, C, G, T |
| Deoxyribose | the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose |
| Hydrophobic | substances that are nonionic and nonpolar actually seem to repel water |
| Hydrophilic | any substance that has an affinity for water |
| Lipid | Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids', that mix poorly with water |
| Nitrogenous Base | A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. |
| Nucleic Acid | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular actives (DNA and RNA) |
| Nucleotide | the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate group. |
| Phosphate | A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms |
| Phospholipids | A lipid made up of glycerol joined two fatty acids and phosphate groups. |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomer linked together by covalent bonds |
| Protein | A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptide folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure |
| R group | An abbreviation for any group in which carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule |
| Ribonucleic Acid | A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomer with rise sugar and the nitrogen bases. |
| Ribose | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides |
| Saturated Fats | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton |
| Unsaturated Fats | A fatty acid that has one ore more double bonds between carbon sin the hydrogen tail |
| 3' | refers to the number of carbon atoms in deoxyribose sugar molecule; has a free hydroxyl group on the 3' carbon of its terminal sugar |
| 5' | refers to the number of carbon atoms in deoxyribose sugar molecules; has a free hydroxyl group on the 5' carbon of its terminal sugar |
| Alpha Helice | A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of polypeptide backbone |
| Antiparallel- in regards to DNA | the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix |
| Beta-Sheet | two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone |
| Covalent Bonds | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons |
| Double Helix | the form of native DNA, two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. |
| Peptide | The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction |
| Polypeptide | A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
| Primary Structure | the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary Structure | Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone |
| Subunit | A single protein molecule that assembles with other protein molecules to form a protein complex |
| Synthesis | The forming or building of a more complex substance or compound form elements or simpler compounds |
| Tertiary Structure | The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interaction of amino acid side chains |
| Sugar- Phosphate Backbone | Is the portion of the DNA double helix that provides structural support to the molecules |
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genavi27
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