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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary - Cruz-Matias
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion (1.1) | 2 different molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other, clinging of one substance to the other |
| Cohesion | 2 of the same molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other, water molecules sticking together |
| Hydrogen Bond | weak bond interaction between negative and positive regions of 2 separate molecules |
| Polar | molecule's charge is unevenly distributed |
| Surface Tension | result of increased hydrogen bonding forces between water molecules at the surface |
| Atom (1.2) | Smallest unit of matter |
| Essential Element | essential characteristic in the architecture of complex organic molecules. carbon is one of the main ones |
| Macro molecule | large, complex molecules, are usually the product of smaller molecules, like proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. |
| Cleavage (1.3) | the division of cells in the early embryo |
| Dehydration Synthesis | chemical reaction in which 2 monomers become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. they give -OH and other gives -H |
| Hydrolysis | the reverse of of dehydration synthesis , breaks bonds between 2 molecules by addition of water, turns polymers to monomers |
| Monomer | smaller molecules that are repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer |
| Amino Acid (1.4) | monomers that make up proteins, made up of amino (NH2) terminus and a carboxyl (COOH) terminus |
| Amino Terminus/N-Terminus | free amino group of one end of a polypeptide, forms peptide bond with C-Terminus |
| Carbohydrates | a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers(disaccharides) or polymers (pysaccharide) |
| Carboxyl Terminus/C-Terminus | carboxyl group of one end of a polypeptide, forms peptide bonds with N-Terminus |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | nucleic acid polymer, with 2 antiparallel strands with genetic information (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) |
| Deoxyribose | sugar component of DNA and RNA |
| Hydrophilic | any substance that has an affinity (attraction) to water |
| Hydrophobic | substances that are nonionic and nonpolar cannot form hydrogen bonds), repel water |
| Lipid | nonpolar molecules that don't have true monomers but are made up of fatty acids and glycerol |
| Nitrogenous Base | nucleotide subunit of both DNA and RNA |
| Nucleic Acid | polymers comprised of monomers called nucleotides |
| Nucleotide | monomers of nucleic acids, structure contains a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base |
| Phosphate | chemical group consisting of phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms, important for energy transfer |
| Phospholipids | lipid made up of glycerol join by 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group, hydrocarbon chains act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails while the rest acts as polar hydrophilic heads, form bilayer that functions as a biological membrane |
| Polymer | long molecule of many monomers, linked by covalent bonds |
| Protein | polymer made up of amino acids, made of amino (NH2) terminus and carboxyl (COOH) terminus |
| R group | any hydrogen or carbon chain that is bonded to the center/alpha carbon |
| Ribonucleic Acid | RNA, made up of nucleotide monomers, ribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases(adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine), single-stranded |
| Ribose | sugar component of RNA |
| Saturated Fats | a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all or predominantly single bonds. |
| Unsaturated Fats | type of fat that consist of one or more double bonds between carbons, formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton |
| 3’ (1.5) | hydroxyl group at the 3' end of another nucleotide, 3 prime |
| 5’ | phosphate group attached to the 5' end of one nucleotide, 5 prime |
| Alpha Helice | formed when peptides next to each other in the chain form hydrogen bonds, important for protein structure (secondary) |
| Antiparallel – in regards to DNA | strands of DNA that run in opposite directions w/ one strand running to 5' to 3', and other strand 3' to 5' (for sugar phosphate backbone) |
| Beta-Sheet | formed when a protein strand folds back on itself and creates hydrogen bonds, important for protein structure (secondary) |
| Covalent Bond | 2 atoms (monomers) share one ore more pairs of valence electrons |
| Double Helix | form of DNA, strands are antiparallel which forms this |
| Peptide | compound containing 2 or more amino acids |
| Polypeptide | primary structure of a protein, consists of specific order of amino acids and determines overall shape of protein |
| Primary Structure | first level of protein structure referring to specific linear sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary Structure | local folding of amino acid chain into elements such as alpha helices and beta-sheets |
| Subunit | what makes a certain element? |
| Synthesis | creation of DNA and RNA |
| Tertiary Structure | 3D shape of a protein, often minimizes free energy; various type of bonds and interactions stabilize protein at this level |
| Sugar-Phosphate Backbone (1.6) | forms the structural framework of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), composed of alternating sugar (3') and phosphate groups 5'), and defines directionality of the molecule |
Created by:
bryann.c
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