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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds. |
| Cohesion | The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. |
| Hydrogen Bond | A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule |
| Polar | A molecule such as water with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule |
| Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
| Essential Element | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. |
| Macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules. Polysac- charides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. |
| Cleavage | The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassem- bly of polymers to monomers. |
| Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
| Amino Acid | An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group, Amino acids serve as the monomers of peptides. |
| Amino Terminus/N-terminus | The start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group located at the end of a polypeptide. |
| Carbohydrates | A sugar (mono- saccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). |
| Carboxyl Terminus | A chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar com- ponent of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar compo- nent of RNA nucleotides. |
| Hydrophilic | Having an affinity for water. |
| Hydrophobic | Having no affin- ity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water. |
| Lipid | Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. |
| Nitrogenous Base | A molecule that contains nitrogen and has chemical properties of a base. Adenine Guanine, Thymine Cytosine. |
| Nucleic Acid | A polymer (poly- nucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA. |
| Nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups. |
| Phosphate | A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer. |
| Phospholipids | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as non polar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Bilayers made to be biol-membrane |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. |
| Protein | A biologically functional molecules consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional structure. |
| R-Group | A grou[ when a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule. |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | A type of molecule acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases, Adenine (A); Cytosine (C); Guanine (G); and Uracil (U), usually single stranded; functions in protein synthesis |
| Ribose | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Saturated Fats | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| Unsaturated Fats | A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| 3' | DNA Molecule 3' (three prime) |
| 5' | DNA Molecule Number 5' (5 Prime) |
| Alpha Helice | A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. |
| Anti-Parrallel (in regards to DNA) | referring to the arrangement of the sugar phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. |
| Beta-Sheet | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains |
| Covalent Bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. |
| Double Helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. |
| Peptide | The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another formed by a dehydration reaction |
| Polypeptide | A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
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sacayanan
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