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Unit 1
AP Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | Clinging of one substance of another via hydrogen bonds. |
| Cohesion | Linking of the same molecules via hydrogen bonds. |
| Hydrogen bonding | Occurs when the slightly positive hydrogen atom is attracted to the slightly negative atom of another element in a single covalent bond of the same molecule or different molecules. |
| Polar | Uneven distribution of electrons in a molecule. |
| Surface tension | Tendency of the surface of a liquid to break. |
| Atom | Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
| Essential element | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. |
| Macromolecules | Polymers, built by monomers, usually through dehydration. |
| Cleavage | Breaking; separation. |
| Dehydration synthesis | Connect monomers when two molecules are covalently bonded together, with the loss of a water molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | Utilizes a water molecule to disassemble a polymer. |
| Monomer | A subunit that serves as the building block of polymers. |
| Amino acid | Organic molecule with an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). Serves as monomers of polypeptides. |
| Amino terminus/ N-terminus | A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+. |
| Carbohydrates | Polymers (polysaccharides) that are made up of sugar monomers (monosaccharides). |
| Carboxyl terminus/C-terminus | A chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to and oxygen atom and also to a hydroxyl group. |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA molecules. |
| Hydrophilic | Describes substances that have an affinity for water. |
| Hydrophobic | Describes substances that are nonionic and nonpolar, seeming to repel water. |
| Nitrogenous base | A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. |
| Lipid | A group of macromolecules that include fats, phospholipids, and steroids, and mix poorly, if at all, with water. |
| Nucleic acid | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities (DNA and RNA). |
| Nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. |
| Phospholipids | A polymer consisting of a glycerol attached to a phosphate group and two fatty acid chains. |
| Phosphate Group | A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer. |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. |
| Protein | A macromolecule that is made up of two or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a three-dimensional structure. |
| R group | A chemical group that is attached to the central carbon in the main chain. |
| Ribonucleic acid | A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded. |
| Ribose | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Saturated fats | A fatty acid that consists of only single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| Unsaturated fats | A fatty acid that consists of one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon. |
| 3' | 3rd carbon of sugar in nucleotides that is linked to a hydroxyl group. |
| 5' | 5th carbon of sugar in nucleotides that is linked to a phosphate group. |
| Alpha Helice | A delicate coil held by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid. |
| Antiparallel—in regards to DNA | Parallel but moving in opposite directions. |
| Beta-Sheet | A structure formed by two or more strands of the chain lying side by side and connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel backbones. |
| Covalent Bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. |
| Double Helix | DNA molecules have two polynucleotides, or “strands,” that spiral around an imaginary axis, forming the shape. |
| Peptide Bond | Covalent bond that is formed in a dehydration reaction and links carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another. |
| Polypeptide | Polymer of amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds. |
| Capillary Action | The ability of a liquid to flow in a narrow tube without assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity. |
| Aldehydes and ketones | Monomers (monosaccharides) of carbohydrates. |
| Homogenous | Alike. |
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