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ARTICULATIONS/JOINTS
Description of movements
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are three ways to move a bone? | Move the point, change the angle, and rotate the shaft *one end of the bone always keep contact with another, no matter if you twist, push, or pull it* |
| What are the articular motions? | Gliding (linear) movement, angular movement, rotation, and special movement |
| What is gliding (linear) movement? | *Think of SLIDING* when two surfaces slide past one another |
| What is angular movement? | Opening or closing an angle---> flexion, extension/ abduction, adduction/ circumduction/ *KNEE, ELBOW* |
| What is rotation? | Turning a bone inwards or outwards---> pronation, supination |
| What are some other special movements? | Related to particular joints, like the thumb---> opposition, reposition/ inversion, eversion |
| What is circumduction? | When one point is on a surface, while the other point is spinning in a circular movement |
| What are the three axes of motion? | Monaxial, biaxial, and triaxial |
| What is a monaxial? | Movement around one axis |
| What is a biaxial? | Movement around two axes |
| What is a triaxial? | Movement around three axes |
| What are the classification of synovial joints by shape? | Gliding, hinge, condylar, ball and socket, saddle, pivot |
| What are some examples of gliding joints? | Sacroiliac joint, intercarpal (wrist) joints, vertebrocostal joints (rib to vertebrae) (*think of vertebrae for -vertebro and -costal like rib or costilla in spanish*), acromioclavicular joint + sternoclavicular joint |
| What are some examples of hinge joints? | Elbow joint, knee joint, ankle joint, interphalangeal joints (finger and toes) |
| What are some examples of condylar joints? | Radiocarpal joint of wrist, metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5 (knuckles), metatarsophalangeal joints 2-5 (toe to foot) |
| What are some examples of ball and socket joints? | Shoulder joint, hip joint |
| What are some examples of saddle joints? | Carpometacarpal joint (CMC) = thumb, sternoclavicular joint |
| What are some examples of pivot joints? | Atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2), proximal radioulnar joint of elbow (when radius moves over ulnar - movement of supination to pronation) |
| Can a joint be both mobile and strong? | No, the greater the mobility, the weaker the joint |
| What makes mobile joints weaker? | Mobile joints are supported by muscle/tendons and ligaments (NOT bone to bone connections) |
| When a person is in anatomical position, what type of angular movement is being done? | Extension |
| If a person places their arm backwards during an anatomical position, what angular movement is being done? | Hyperextension |
| If a person moves their leg forwards, what angular movement is being done? | Flexion |
| What does the angular movement, abduction do? | Moves away from the body center |
| What does the angular movement, adduction do? | Moves closer or towards the body center |
| What does the angular movement, circumduction do? | Moves in a circular motion without rotation |
| What does the rotating movement, pronation do? | Turns forearm radius over ulnar, palm faces posterior |
| What does the rotating movement, supination do? | Forearm in anatomical position, palm faces anterior |
| What does the special movement, inversion do? | Face sole of foot inward |
| What does the special movement, eversion do? | Face sole of foot outward |
| What does the special movement, dorsiflexion do? | Flexion at ankle (lifting toes to ceiling) |
| What does the special movement, plantar flexion do? | Extension at ankle (pointing toes to the floor) |
| What does the special movement, opposition do? | Thumb movement towards fingers or palm (grasping) |
| What does the special movement, reposition do? | To repose; relax the thumb/ opposite of opposition |
| What does the special movement, protraction do? | Moves anteriorly in the horizontal plane (pushing forward) *pushing jaw forwards* |
| What does the special movement, retraction do? | Opposite of protraction, moving posteriorly (pulling back) *pulling jaw inwards* |
| What does the special movement, elevation do? | Moves in superior direction (up) *closing mouth* |
| What does the special movement, depression do? | Moves in inferior direction (down) *opening mouth* |
| What does the special movement, lateral flexion do? | Bends vertebral column from side to side |
| What does -arthros mean? (LECTURE) | Joint, as in arthritis |
| What is a joint or articulation? (LECTURE) | Where two bones meet, whether they move or do not move |
| What is kinesiology? (LECTURE) | The study of motion |
| What is ROM and what is it based on? (LECTURE) | Range of motion; based on movement |
| What is structure based on? (LECTURE) | Based on anatomy only; most especially on ingredients of matrix+ joint cavity |
| What are the three classes of functional (ROM) *SAD*? (LECTURE) | SYNarthrotic, AMPHIarthrotic, and DIarthrotic (Synovial Joint) |
| What are the three matrix ingredients *FCB*? (LECTURE) | Fibers, Cartilage, and Bone |
| What are the two joint categories? (LECTURE) | Functional (ROM) and Structural (mostly matrix) |
| What does -syn mean? (LECTURE) | Means together or interlocked; no ROM |
| What is an example of SYNarthrosis? (LECTURE) | Known to be extremely strong; Skull Sutures |
| What does -amphi mean? (LECTURE) | Means both sides; some ROM |
| What is an example of AMPHIarthosis? (LECTURE) | Slight movements possible, but made for stability; Ankles/Wrist |
| What does -dia mean? (LECTURE) | Means through; full ROM |
| What are some examples of DIArthrosis (synovial joint)? (LECTURE) | Free movement, but unstable; Knee and Shoulders |
| Does the structural category deal with ROM? (LECTURE) | No, does care about the ROM permitted |
| Do synovial joints contain any matrixes? (LECTURE) | Yes, it contains all three matrixes (fibrous, cartilaginous, and bony), plus a joint cavity |
| What are four types of synarthrosis (no ROM) joints? (LECTURE) | Suture, Gomphosis, Synchondrosis, Synostosis |
| What are two types of amphiarthrosis (some ROM) joints? (LECTURE) | Syndesmosis, Symphysis |
| What is one type of diarthrosis (full ROM) joints? (LECTURE) | Synovial Joints |
| A Suture has bones interlocked or sewn together by using what kind of structural class? (LECTURE) | Dense fibers |
| A Gomphosis bolts teeth into sockets using what kind of structural class? (LECTURE) | Fibrous ligament; *think of GOM as gum* |
| A Synchondrosis has a rigid bridge between two bones using what kind of structural class? (LECTURE) | Cartilage; more specifically epiphyseal cartilage; *think of CHONDRO as cartilage* |
| A Synostosis fuses two bones causing the boundary to disappear using what kind of structural class? (LECTURE) | Bony; *think of OSTO as bones* |
| A Syndesmosis has the bones connected by what kind of structural class? (LECTURE) | Fibrous ligament |
| A Symphysis has two bones connected by a wedge of tough _______ - kind of structural class? (LECTURE) | Fibrocartilage |
| Synovial Joints have features like articular capsule and synovial joints, what kind of structural class are they? (LECTURE) | They have all three: fibrous, cartilaginous, bony |
| What is the most common type of damage to the cartilage? (LECTURE) | Osteoarthritis |
| What are three functions of synovial fluid? (LECTURE) | Lubrication, Nutrient Distribution, and Shock Absorption |
| What are four accessory structures used to stabilize joints? (LECTURE) | Meniscus (articular disc) (fibrocartilage), fat pad (fill in empty spaces when joints move)(adipose mass covered in synovial membrane), ligaments and tendons, bursae (pockets in CT that contain Synovial Fluid) |
| What are two types of injuries to joints? (LECTURE) | Dislocation (luxation) and Sublaxation |
| What is a dislocation? (LECTURE) | Articulating surfaces forced out of position; damages articular cartilage, ligaments, and joint capsule |
| What is a sublaxtion? (LECTURE) | A partial dislocation |
| There are two types of degenerative changes in joints, what are they? (LECTURE) | Rheumatism and Athritis |
| Which is the most common type of arthritis? (LECTURE) | Osteoarthritis |
| What is gouty arthritis? (LECTURE) | Occurs when Uric acid or calcium salts form within synovial fluid/ due to metabolic disorders/ consuming meats, beer, and being overweight are factors |
| What is rheumatoid arthritis? (LECTURE) | Autoimmune disease of joints/ an inflammatory condition due to genetic and environmental factors/ wrist and hands, lungs, and heart inflammation |
| Joint immobilization does what? (LECTURE) | Reduces flow of synovial fluid/ can cause arthritis symptoms/ treated by continuous passive motion (CPM) therapy |
| As one ages, what happens to ones' bones? (LECTURE) | Bone mass decreases/ bones weaken/ increase risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic fracture |
| What are five factors affecting bone strength? (LECTURE) | AGE, PHYSICAL STRESS, HORMONE LEVELS, CALCIUM AND PHOSPHOROUS UPTAKE AND EXCRETION, GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS |
Created by:
ajosue1313
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