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EEOB Exam 1
Exam 1 Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is physiology? | How an organism works1. Ions and Proteins2. Respiratory, circulatory, renal systems2. Integration of1. Anatomy2. Biology3. Chemistry4. Physics |
| Body Organization | 1. Cell2. Tissue3. Organs4. Organ Systems |
| Cell Categories | 1. Muscle2. Nerve3. Epithelial4. Connective |
| Tissue Categories | 1. Muscle2. Nerve3. Epithelial4. Connective |
| Muscle Cell Function | Generate mechanical force |
| Nerve Cell Function | Initiate and conduct electrical signals |
| Epithelial Cell Function | Regulate interactions with environment1. Skin2. Renal3. Respiratory4. Digestive |
| Connective Cell Function | Connect, anchor, and support1. Bone2. Red blood cells (move oxygen)3. White blood cells (immunity)4. Fat stores (provide energy) |
| Homeostasis | Relatively stable maintenance of a body parameter--> Dynamic constancy |
| Homeostatic Control System | Set of interconnected componentsKeeps a body parameter in range (98.6 degrees give or take a few degrees)If disturbed, will usually return to set point (SP) |
| Steady State (SS) | Parameter at set point=system not changing but energy usedRequires balancing/trade-offs (b/c of limited amount of energy) |
| Feedback | * Reactive --> response is feedback*Negative-->returns toward SS (Sweat)*Positive-->Continues in direction away from SS (childbirth) |
| Feedforward | Anticipating regulation* Proactive à preparation is feedforward (FF) ex: Wearing a coat on a cold day |
| Receptor | Receives stimulus (external or internal) |
| Afferent pathway (going towards something) | Integrating center (ex: brain, gland) |
| Efferent pathway | (going away from something) |
| Effector | 1. Responds causing physiological change2. Positive/negative feedback (often negative feedback) |
| Autocrine | released to interstitial fluid (IF), *effector=releaser |
| Cytokine | released to IF/plasma/lymph, signal immune system |
| Gap junctions | direct channels between adjacent cells (stays within intracellular) |
| Juxtacrines | bound to cell membrane (means they are not released) |
| Endocrine (AKA hormone) | Released by:gland or neuronPathway: PlasmaCommunicates with: Distant effector |
| Paracrine | Released by:almost any cellPathway: Interstitial fluid (IF)Communicates with: neighbor effectors |
| Neurotransmitter | Released by: neuronPathway: Intersititial fluid (IF)Communicates with: neighbor effectors or neuron |
| Adaptation (Ad) | trait that favors survival1. Arises via natural selection; genetic; species level |
| Acclimatization (Ac) | 1. Use-based; not genetic; happens on individual level2. Usually reversible; exception is developmental Ac (sex development) |
| Biorhythms | Combination of Feedforward, Adaptation, and Acclimatization; Proactive instead of reactive (trigger internal, clock reset); Ex: Circadian, annual, lunar rhythm |
| Subcellular Composition | Ions, Free Radicals, Molecular Bonds |
| Ions | Have a charge; AKA electrolytes; Net positive=cation; Net negative=anion |
| Free Radicals | Single electron (e-) in outer orbit; Removes e-from another=oxidizing; We make free radicals (effective against pathogens but nondiscriminant--> need donors to neutralize (Vitamins A and D)) |
| Molecular Bonds | Covalent vs Noncovalent |
| Covalent Bonds | Atoms share electrons (e-) unequally-->creates partial charge; polar (hydrophilic, lipophobic) vs nonpolar (hydrophobic, lipophilic) vs amphipathic (polar and nonpolar; strongest bond |
| Noncovalent Bonds | Ionic bond=electrical attraction b/w anions and cations (Strong without water so it is weak in physiology); Hydrogen bonding=interaction with bound Hydrogen (H)(weak bond); Hydrophobic bonding=avoiding polar bonds (weak bond) |
| Plasma Membrane Functions | Regulate movement from in (intracellular), out (extracellular), and within cell; Site of receptors for chemical messengers; Hold cells in place in extracellular matrix; Provide basis for cell shape and motility; Provide substrate for cell-to-cell contact |
| Plasma Membrane Components | In fluid mosaic form; Phospholipid bilayer; Cholesterol; Proteins; Glycocalyx; Junctions |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | Main building block of plasma membrane; Polar head and 2 Nonpolar tails (fatty acids); Amphipathic --> spontaneously form bilayer |
| Cholesterol | Important in vesicle formation; Amphipathic; Not found in organelles |
| Proteins | Integral: Serve as channels, receptors, and anchors (amphipathic, many transmembrane, not able to be removed); Peripheral: Impact shape and motility of cell (polar, found on cystolic surface) |
| Glycocalyx | Allows for ID and interaction; Short, branched carbohydrates; gives "fuzzy" surface |
| Junctions | Physical connection for cells; Purposes: Interactions, forming tissues; Tight Junctions: Joining of plasma membranes (Forms a band around the cell |
| Gap Junctions | Channels linking 2 cytosols (Small so there is limited exchange); |
| Desmosome | Protein linkage between cells (spot welds) |
| Tight Junctions | Joining of plasma membranes; Forms a band around the cell; Block interstitial fluid flow; Type of epithelial cell |
| Cellular Metabolic Pathways | Energy Source=ATP (adenosine triphosphate); Phosphate bonds are high energy; ATP <--> ADP + Pi + energy; ATP generated in 2 ways (Substrate Level Phosphorylation and Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation)) |
| Substrate level phosphorylation | Bound Pi transferred to ADP (ATP + X <--> ADP + XPi); Glycolysis --> Krebs cycle |
| Glycolysis | Catabolism of carbs(glucose); Start point=carb; Series of 10 enzymatic reactions; Location=Cytosol of the cell; Net Production=2 ATP, some H+, and pyruvate(O2-aerobic) or lactate (no O2-anaerobic); High [ATP] down regulates |
| Krebs Cycle | AKA Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle; Start Point=Mainly pyruvate from glycolysis; Series of 8 enzymatic reactions; Location=mitochondria; Net Production=2 ATP, some H+ and CO2; O2 indirectly required to recycle coenzymes; |
| Oxidative phosphorylation= Electron Transport Chain | Energy input allows unbound Pi to bind ADP; Start Point=H+ and coenzymes; Location=mitochondria; Net Production=34 ATP, water and recycled coenzymes; O2 directly required; Instead of H2O, can produce O2 and OH (free radicals) |
| Membrane Transport | Unaided movement depends on (size-smaller=easier; Charge: nonpolar=easier); Result for “not easier”: Electrochemical gradients (Polarity and type: together give the direction (in or out of cell)); Protein channels (Regulate transport) |
| Diffusion basics | Movement from high to low concentration; Dependent on: Permeability (direct), Surface area of interface (direct), Concentration gradient (direct), Distance (inverse) |
| Diffusion through lipid bilayer | With gradient (i.e. high to low); no energy cost; Small, nonpolar (ex O2, CO2, fatty acids); Problem:No O2 storage in cells; Solution: Set gradient in "correct" direction |
Created by:
kkozimer
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