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SB4
Pearson GCSE Separate Science Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is this a definition of: ‘A group of organisms that can reproduce with one another, producing offspring that can also reproduce’? | (species) |
| What is the scientific name for the modern human species? | (Homo sapiens) |
| From what type of creatures are modern humans thought to have evolved? | (apes) |
| What are the remains of organisms that have been turned into rock called? | (fossils) |
| Sedimentary rock exists in layers, one on top of another. Which layers are the youngest? | (uppermost) |
| Which substances did early human-like animals make tools out of? | (wood, stone) |
| Why do we only find the stone tools now? | (The wooden ones have rotted.) |
| Which of these three species is most closely related to modern humans, and how can you tell: Homo habilis, Australopithecus afarensis, Ardipithecus ramidus? | (Homo habilis, because the first word of its scientific name is the same as that of modern humans.) |
| On which continent are the oldest human-like fossils found? | (Africa) |
| What is this a definition of: ‘A gradual change in the characteristics of a species over time’? | (evolution) |
| What is this a definition of: ‘A gradual change in the characteristics of a species over time’? | (evolution) |
| Where does the evidence come from that humans evolved? | (fossils, stone tools) |
| Over how many years can scientists trace human evolution? | (millions, 4–5 million years) |
| Name one trend that has occurred in the bodies of human-like species as they have evolved over millions of years. | (walking upright, feet with short toes, larger brains, flatter faces, taller skulls etc.) |
| What are the differences in characteristics between two organisms called? | (variation) |
| One type of variation is ‘environmental variation’, in which the environment causes variation in characteristics. What is the other form of variation called? | (inherited variation, genetic variation) |
| What type of variation causes some sandpiper birds to have longer beaks than others? | (inherited variation, genetic variation) |
| Suggest one reason why polar bears are better adapted than black bears to living in the Arctic. | (sensible suggestion, such as they are white and so can avoid being seen against the snow by their prey) |
| What is the name of the scientist who is most well known for developing a theory about evolution? | (Charles Darwin) |
| Some scientists think that a species called Homo heidelbergensis evolved into both Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. What is a species that evolves into two species like this called? | (common ancestor) |
| What is the scientific name for modern humans? | (Homo sapiens) |
| What do we call the system of scientific naming for organisms? | (binomial system) |
| Suggest the environmental change that resulted in the evolution of African elephants’ large ears. | (increase in temperature – ensure that students realise that the change did not cause the elephants to want to evolve) |
| Suggest the environmental change that resulted in the evolution of woolly mammoths’ hairiness. | (decrease in temperature) |
| A certain population of animals evolved long legs over a long period of time. Is this more likely to be due to an increase or decrease in the number of predators? | (increase) |
| What process does Darwin’s theory use to explain how evolution occurs? | (natural selection) |
| The binomial name for the African bush elephant is Loxodonta africana. What genus does it belong to? | (Loxodonta) |
| Humpback whales and dolphins are thought to have evolved from an animal that lived about 40 million years ago. What is an animal that evolves into different species like this called? | (common ancestor) |
| What is the name of the other person who came up with the idea of evolution by natural selection at the same time as Darwin? | (Alfred Russel Wallace) |
| Suggest one way in which the limbs of gorillas, whales and bats are similar. | (They all have five fingers;they all have a pentadactyl structure.) |
| Apart from Darwin, who else developed the theory of evolution by natural selection? | (Alfred Russel Wallace) |
| Who wrote the essay about the struggle for survival amongst children, which influenced both Darwin and Wallace? | (Thomas Malthus) |
| What is the name of the type of limb that humans have? | (pentadactyl) |
| Which of these organisms does not have a pentadactyl limb: dog, penguin, frog, fly? | (fly) |
| How many ‘fingers’ does a pentadactyl limb have? | (five) |
| What do we call an organism that evolves to form many other different organisms? | (common ancestor) |
| How did Darwin and Wallace work together to tell other scientists about their ideas? | (they published a scientific paper) |
| One branch of biology that has developed thanks to Darwin and Wallace’s theory is the study of genes. What is this branch of biology called? | (genetics) |
| Elephants belong to the animal kingdom. What other kingdoms are there? | (plants, fungi, protists/protoctists, prokaryotes) |
| State one way in which the cells of bacteria are different to those of animals, plants, fungi and protists. | (They have no nucleus/mitochondria/organelles, they have plasmids, they do not have chromosomes [instead they have a loop of chromosomal DNA].) |
| Cattle, wheat and mushrooms are all farmed. What kingdoms do they belong to? | (cattle – animals, wheat –plants, mushrooms – fungi) |
| The scientific name for cattle is Bos taurus. What genus do they belong to? | (Bos) |
| Wild yaks are Bos mutus. Describe some features of wild yaks. | e.g. hairy coat, horns, stand on four legs, long tail, long face – any sensible suggestions that show that yaks are similar to cattle) |
| Bos mutus and Bos taurus share a common ancestor about 1 million years ago. What process caused them to evolve in different ways? | (natural selection) |
| What domain do Bos mutus and Bos taurus belong to? | (Eukarya) |
| Why are these two species in the Eukarya domain? | (They have nuclei/mitochondria in their cells.) |
| Name the other two domains. | (Bacteria, Archaea) |
| The three-domain system was developed because while Archaea looked like bacteria/prokaryotes they had other characteristics more like plants and animals. What were these other characteristics? | (They have genes containing unused sections of DNA.) |
| There are about 800 different types of farm cattle that all belong to the same species. What is the name for different types of the same species of animal? | (breeds) |
| What is the name for different types of the same species of plant? | (varieties) |
| Which term describes a group of similar cells that together carry out a particular function? | (tissue) |
| Does asexual reproduction produce offspring that are genetically different or identical? | (identical) |
| Give one advantage of asexual reproduction compared with sexual reproduction. | (no need to find a mate/faster reproductive cycle/offspring likely to be adapted to local environment) |
| What name is given to unspecialised cells that can produce different kinds of specialised cell? | (stem cells) |
| Where in a plant can you find unspecialised cells that are dividing rapidly? | (meristems/shoot and root tips) |
| What is the name of the process that produces specialised cells from unspecialised ones? | (differentiation) |
| Which form of reproduction happens when you take cuttings of a plant to make new plants? | (asexual reproduction) |
| What is the name of the process in which individuals are chosen to be bred together in order to develop a new breed or variety with useful characteristics? | (selective breeding) |
| Which process inserts a gene for a particular characteristic into another organism so that it produces that characteristic? | (genetic engineering/modification) |
| Which term means to grow new cells or tissues from tiny pieces of plant or animal tissue? | (tissue culture) |
| Different types of the same species of animal are called breeds. What are different types of the same species of plant called? | (varieties) |
| What term describes humans choosing certain organisms because they have useful characteristics? | (artificial selection) |
| What is the name of the process in which new breeds and varieties of organisms are created using artificial selection? | (selective breeding) |
| Give an example of a species of animal that has been produced by selective breeding. | (any sensible suggestion, e.g. dogs) |
| What word describes all the DNA in an organism? | (genome) |
| What is the name of the process in which genes from one organism are transferred into the genome of another organism? | (genetic engineering) |
| What three-letter abbreviation is given to organisms that have been genetically engineered? | (GMO) |
| What word describes the amount of useful product that can be obtained from a farmed plant or animal? | (yield) |
| Suggest a characteristic that would be useful in a new variety of lettuce. | resistance) |
| Suggest a characteristic that would be useful in a new breed of sheep. | (any sensible suggestion, e.g. leaner meat, quicker growing, greater yield, disease resistance, ability to withstand certain conditions, more wool) |
| Genes are short pieces of which molecule? | (DNA) |
| What does a gene code for? | (a protein or polypeptide [or characteristic, at this stage]) |
| What name is given to the small circles of genetic material in a bacterium that are separate from the bacterial chromosome? | (plasmids) |
| Which kind of variation in organisms can change throughout life? | (environmental variation) |
| Which term describes bacteria that are no longer affected by antibiotics? | ([antibiotic] resistant) |
| Why are organisms genetically modified? | (to produce a new useful characteristic) |
| Why can a gene from one kind of organism produce the characteristic it codes for in a different organism? | (Genes work in the same way in all organisms.) |
| Which type of breeding changes the characteristics of crops and domesticated animals over many generations? | (selective breeding) |
| Which process produces many new plants from tiny pieces of fully grown plants? | (tissue culture) |
| Give one reason why crop plants are continually being improved. | (to make more food/to cope with environmental change/to make them resistant to pests and diseases) |
| What do we call a diagram of the feeding relationships of many organisms that live in an area? | (food web) |
| What do producer organisms do that consumers do not? | (make their own food) |
| Which process do plants use to transfer energy from light to sugars in their cells? | (photosynthesis) |
| What name is given to animals that hunt other animals? | (predators) |
| What name is given to animals that are hunted by other animals? | (prey) |
| What are crop plants? | (plants grown to give useful product, e.g. food) |
| Which word means the amount of useful product obtained from a crop? | (yield) |
| How does the Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis make GM plants resistant to caterpillars? | (It produces Bt toxin, which kills caterpillars.) |
| What term describes growing crops and rearing animals for useful products? | (agriculture) |
| Why are fertilisers used on crops? | (so they grow well/to increase yield) |
Created by:
Davenant Foundation School
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