Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Round 2 Review
Wrong Questions Round FA Part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the common term for "hyperkeratosis"? | Callus |
| What is hyperkeratosis? | Increased thickness of Stratum corneum |
| Which layer of the skin produces calluses? | Stratum corneum |
| What are common causes of hyperkeratosis? | 1. chronic atopic dermatitis 2. ill-fitting shoes |
| What malignancies are associated most strongly with Down syndrome? | Acute leukemias |
| Do acute leukemias increase risk of solid tumors? | They do not increase risk of solid tumors |
| What causes leukemias? | Infiltration by Tumor cells, leading to depression of other cell lines |
| What are some common symptoms due to acute leukemias? | Fever, weight loss, and anemia, which then it result with fatigue and thrombocytopenia causing easy bruising |
| What cells in the CNS cells are active or work 1-2 weeks after injury? | Astrocytes |
| What is the result of astrocytes in CNS injury? | Glial scar 1-2 weeks after initial event |
| What causes in Uremic Platelet dysfunction? | Seen in setting of renal insufficiency, where unfiltered uremic toxins cause poor platelet function |
| What condition is developed in renal patient, having unfiltered uremic toxins due to poor platelet function? | Uremic Platelet dysfunction |
| How is Uremic Platelet dysfunction clinically presented? | Increased bleeding time (BT) in the setting of NORMAL platelet count (PC) and NORMAL PT/aPTT |
| Which condition is known to have increased BT, and normal PC, PT, and aPTT, and increased levels of Creatine? | Uremic Platelet dysfunction |
| In what type of water or water bodies, is Schistosoma mansoni found? | Fresh water |
| Which parasitic infection is commonly seen in Fresh water bodies? | Schistosoma mansoni |
| What are examples of freshwater bodies? | Glaciers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands and even groundwater. |
| What is the main condition developed by S. mansoni? | Portal hypertension |
| How does S. mansoni cause Portal hypertension? | Invasion the venous vasculature of the liver |
| What parasitic infection is known to cause Portal hypertension? | Schistosoma mansoni |
| What is the treatment for Schistosoma mansoni infection? | Single dose of Praziquantel |
| What condition or infection is known to be treated with a single dose of Praziquantel? | Schistosoma mansoni |
| What is the MCC of death in people of 18-24 years of age? | Unintentional injuries |
| A 24 year old man, is more likely to die from an accident, suicide, or disease? | Accident |
| What is the order of fatality reasons in young people of 18-24 years old? | Unintentional injures >> Suicide> Homicide> Neoplasm> Heart disease |
| What type of interviewing questions should always be used by a physician to a patient, while discussing any interview matters? | Open-ended questions |
| What is common reason or example on why a physician should use open-ended questions while interviewing a patient? | To find out or reveal reasons to which the patient does not want to have the results provided to him/her directly |
| MOA of Clonidine | Alpha-2 receptor agonist |
| Common a-2 receptor agonist (patch) | Clonidine |
| On which specific receptors (type and location) does Clonidine act on? | Agonist at presynaptic alpha-2 receptors in CNS neurons |
| What are the effects caused by agonism of presynaptic CNS a-2 receptors? | Inhibition of sympathetic outflow, peripheral resistance, and renal vasculature resistance, which lead to a decrease heart rate and blood pressure |
| What is the most commonly used B-2 agonist in acute asthma? | Albuterol |
| MOA of Albuterol | Beta-2 agonist |
| Which pathway is stimulated by B-2 agonists? | Gq pathway |
| Which common condition is often treated with Albuterol? | Acute asthma attacks |
| What is the description (structural and chemical) of Nocardia asteroides? | Filamentous, gram (+), weakly acid-fast organism |
| What is a common Filamentous, gram (+), weakly acid-fast organism? | Nocardia asteroides |
| What is caused by Nocardia asteroides? | Lung abscesses in immunocompromised patients |
| What patients are more readily affected by Nocardia asteroides lung abscesses? | Immunocompromised |
| What is the treatment for Nocardia asteroides infection? | Sulfonamides |
| What is the MOA of Sulfonamides? | Inhibit Dihydropteroate synthase |
| What is the CSF analysis of Aseptic (viral) meningitis? | 1. Elevated: WBCs (lymphocytes), protein concentration 2. Normal glucose levels |
| What is the most common organism causing viral meningitis, especially in children? | Enteroviruses |
| What is the general prognosis and progression of viral meningitis? | Favorable prognosis and symptoms are often self-resolving |
| What is Mullerian agenesis? | Characterised by Primary Amenorrhea, seen with lack of menstruation by age of 16 in the setting of normal secondary sexual characteristics and a blind vaginal pouch |
| What condition is often associated or key in Mullerian agenesis? | Blind vaginal pouch |
| A 16 year old teenager worried about lack of menarche and blind vaginal pouch. Dx? | Mullerian agenesis |
| What causes Mullerian agenesis? | Congenital absence of the Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct in utero |
| Congenital absence of the paramesonephric duct in utero. Dx? | Mullerian agenesis |
| What is another way to refer to Paramesonephric duct? | Mullerian duct |
| What is the definition of Displacement? | Immature defense mechanism, is a process whereby unpleasant ideas and emotions are inappropriately transferred to a neutral person or object |
| What type of genetic phenomenon is associated with Osteogenesis imperfecta? | Germline mosaicism |
| What is Germline mosaicism? | Two distinct genetic populations of gametes, so one parent could pass down normal genes |
| What is the definition of statistical risk? | Measurement of the incidence of a disease |
| Equation of RR = | a ----------- (a+b) --------------------- c ------------ (c+d) |
| (A)/(A+B) / C/(C+D) = | Relative risk (RR) |
| How is atopic dermatitis presented? | Severe pruritus, xerosis, and red maculopapular rash |
| What is the treatment, other than ointments and moisturizing lotion, for atopic dermatitis? | Only supportive care |
| What is used to block the conversion of Plasminogen to plasmin? | Aminocaproic acid |
| How does Aminocaproic acid work? | Blocks the conversion of Plasminogen -----> Plasmin |
| When is aminocaproic acid used clinically? | Reverse bleeding associated with tPA |
| What is used to treat or reverse the bleeding caused by tPA? | Aminocaproic acid |
| Reverses effects of Heparin | Protamine sulfate |
| Treats warfarin overdose | Vitamin K |
| What is used to treat Warfarin overdose? | Vitamin K |
| What is used as anticoagulant in patients with HIT? | Argatroban |
| When in is Argatroban commonly used? | Anticoagulation in patients with HIT |
| Used for reversal of Warfarin toxicity | Fresh Frozen plasma |
| When is FFP used? | Warfarin toxicity |
| What is the associated translocation of Follicular lymphoma? | t(14;18) |
| t(14;18) Dx? | Follicular lymphoma |
| What are common associations of Follicular lymphoma? | - t(14;18) - anti-apoptotic BCL-2 overexpression |
| What clinical signs of Follicular lymphoma? | Constitutional B symptoms, waxing and waning peripheral adenopathy, and splenomegaly |
| What type of anemia is seen in SLE? | Autoimmune hemolysis anemia |
| What is common cause for Autoimmune hemolysis? | Warm antibodies (IgG) |
| What is the best test to diagnostically confirm autoimmune anemia? | Coombs test |
| A (+) Coombs test means: | Anemia of autoimmune etiology |
| What is a major component of Pigmented gallstones? | Unconjugated bilirubin |
| Which type or state of bilirubin is seenin pigmented gallstones? | Unconjugated bilirubin |
| How are XRAY films of pigmented gallstones appear or described? | Radiopaque |
| What causes the development of Pigmented gallstones? | Supersaturation of bile with calcium bilirubinate |
| What is developed due to supersaturation of bile with calcium bilirubinate? | Pigment gallstones |
| What are some conditions associated with development of pigmented gallstones? | Crohn disease, chronic hemolysis, alcoholic cirrhosis, advanced age, bilirubin infections and total parental nutrition |
| What type of gallstones are seen in Crohn's disease? | Pigment gallstones |
| Chronic hemolysis and alcoholic cirrhosis tend to develop what kind of gallstones? | Pigment gallstones |
| What is the most common disease due to a Nucleotide Excision repair defect? | Xeroderma pigmentosum |
| What is affected in Xeroderma pigmentosum? | Defect in Nucleotide excision repair, which impairs cell's ability to repair damage induced by UV light |
| Which condition is seen with damage to cell's ability to repair damage caused by UV light? | Xeroderma pigmentosum |
| MOA of Cyclosporine: | Blocks production of IL-2 and thereby blocks activation of T-lymphocytes |
| Which interleukin is blocked with Cyclosporine? | IL-2 |
| What medication is known to block the production of IL-2? | Cyclosporine |
| What are some adverse effects of Cyclosporine? | Nephrotoxic, neuroteix, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia |
| What is the MCC of death in neonates with Diaphragmatic hernia? | Pulmonary hypoplasia |
| What CSF condition is associated with development of Pulmonary hypoplasia? | Oligohydramnios |
| Deficiency in Adenosine deaminase. Dx? | SCID |
| What enzyme is absent in SCID? | Adenosine deaminase |
| How is a child with SCID presented? | Hx of recurrent infections with viruses, fungi, protozoa and parasites |
| What are some lab and imaging findings seeni in SCID? | Low lymphocyte count and absence of Thymus shadow |
| Recombinant anti-CD20 antibody | Rituximab |
| Which condition is treated with Rituximab? | Large B-lymphocyte lymphoma |
| What are common adverse effects of Rituximab? | Low blood pressure; Bronchospasm, chills, and decreased blood platelets, lymphocytes and neutrophils |
| MOA of Rituximab: | Recombinant anti-CD20 antibody |
| What is the most common bacterial cause of Post-influenza bacterial pneumonia? | Strep pneumoniae |
| What is a common histological finding of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome? | Hypersegmented neutrophils |
| Why is Lesch-Nyhan syndrome seen with Hypersegmented neutrophils? | Due to accumulation of uric acid and poor utilization of vitamin B12 |
| What are the most typical adverse effects of Protease inhibitor? | GI intolerance and Lipodystrophy |
| Which type of HIV medications are known to cause Lipodystrophy? | Protease inhibitors |
| What is the suffix (-ending) of all Protease inhibitor nomenclature? | -navir |
| If a antiviral name ends with the suffix -navir, it could very likely be a: | Protease inhibitor |
| Influenza is a: | Enveloped, segmented, (-) sense, single-stranded RNA virus |
| What parts of the body are affected by the influenza virus? | Tracheobronchial epithelium leading to destruction fo alveoli and loss of cilia, which can cause bacterial pneumonia |
| To which viral family does Influenza virus belong? | Orthomyxoviridae |
| What is a very common Orthomyxovirus? | Influenza |
| Is the influenza virus, segmented or non-segmented? | Segmented |
| What is the clinical presentation of Infectious mononucleosis? | Flu-like symptoms, cervical adenopathy, and splenomegaly due to EBV infection |
| Which organism is known to cause infectious mononucleosis? | EBV |
| EBV is an: | Linear, double-stranded DNA virus with an envelope |
| Is the EBV enveloped or non-enveloped? | Enveloped |
| Teen with cervical adenopathy, flu-like symptoms, and spleen is palpated below normal margins. Dx? | EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis |
Created by:
rakomi
Popular USMLE sets