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Labor and Birth
Nursing Care of Mother and Infant During Labor and Birth
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absent variability | is less than 6 beats/min change from baseline for a 10-minute period and is typically caused by uteroplacental insufficiency but can also be caused by maternal hypotension, cord compression, or fetal hypoxia. |
| Accelerations | temporary, abrupt rate increases of at least 15 beats/min above the baseline FHR that last 15 seconds but less than 2 minutes from onset to return to baseline. |
| Acrocyanosis | is the bluish color of hands and feet of the newborn that is normal and is caused by sluggish peripheral circulation. |
| Adjustment | the outcome of coping at a specific point in time. |
| Amnioinfusion | involves instilling a saline infusion by catheter into the uterine cavity to restore amniotic fluid volume to relieve umbilical cord compression that can interrupt fetal oxygenation. |
| Amniotomy | artificial rupture of membranes (breaking the water) |
| Baseline fetal heart rate | is the average FHR that occurs for at least 2 minutes during a 10 minute period and is averaged over 30 minutes. |
| Baseline variability | describes fluctuation or constant changes in the baseline FHR above and below the baseline in a 10 minute window. |
| Bloody show | thick mucus mixed with pink or dark brown blood. |
| Cold stress | the increased metabolic rate required to generate body heat causes increased respiratory rate and oxygen consumption. |
| Coping | a dynamic process in which emotions and stress affect and influence each other. ; it changes the relationship between the individual and the environment. |
| Crowning | about 3 to 4 cm of the fetal head is visible at the vaginal opening. |
| Decelerations | rate decreases with uterine contractions. |
| Dilate | when the cervix is OPEN (10 cm for birth) |
| Doula | a person whose only job is to support and encourage the woman in the task of giving birth. |
| Efface | when the cervix is THIN (100% for birth) |
| Episodic changes | changes in the FHR that are not associated with uterine contractions. |
| Fetal bradycardia | occurs when the FHR is LESS than 110 beats/min for 10 minutes or longer. |
| Fetal tachycardia | is a baseline FHR GREATER than 160 beats/ min that lasts 2 to 10 minutes or longer. |
| Fontanelle | openings at the point of union of skull bones, often referred to as soft spots. |
| Laboring down | a process by which a health care team allows a laboring woman whose cervix is 10 cm dilated to hold back from pushing until she has a natural urge or readiness to deliver is urgent. |
| Late decelerations | a decrease in fetal heart rate during a uterine contraction that continues after the contraction ends. |
| Leopold's maneuver | a method of abdominal palpation used to determine fetal position or placement within the uterus. |
| Lie | the position of the fetus described by the relationship of the long axis of the fetus to the long axis of the mother. |
| Marked variability | occurs when there are more than 25 beats of fluctuation over the FHR baseline, it can indicate cord prolapse or maternal hypotension. |
| Microbiome | contain the genetic material of a variety of organisms consisting of bacteria, fungi, and single-cell organisms that live in every human body. |
| Microbiota | are a community of microorganisms, both pathogenic and non-pathogenic, that are in every human body. |
| Moderate variability | changes of 6 beats/min to 25 beats/min from the baseline FHR. It's desired because it indicates good oxygenation of the central nervous system and fetal well-being. |
| Molding | the shaping of the fetal head to facilitate movement through the birth canal during labor. |
| Neutral thermal environment | an environment that is neither too hot nor too cold. |
| Nitrazine test (FERN TEST) | test that may be performed if it is unclear whether the mother's membranes have ruptured. (alkaline amniotic fluid turns it dark blue-green or dark blue.) A yellow to yellow-green color fluid is acidic and likely urine. |
| Nuchal cord | a term to describe a situation in which the umbilical cord is wrapped around the fetus's neck. |
| Ophthalmia neonatorum | acute conjunctivitis of the newborn, often caused by gonococci or Chlamydia. |
| Periodic changes | are temporary changes in the baseline rate associated with uterine contractions that quickly return to baseline. |
| Prolonged decelerations | abrupt FHR decreases of at least 15 beats/min from baseline that last longer than 60 seconds. |
| Station | the relationship of the presenting fetal part to an imaginary line drawn between the pelvic ischial spines. |
| Sutures | separation between fetal skull bones that permits molding during the birth process. |
| Tachysystole | Uterine contraction frequency of more than once every 2 minutes, or five or more contractions within 10 minutes with duration longer than 90 seconds, or resting interval b/w contractions less than 60 seconds. |
| Trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) | a labor experience in which the woman attempts to have a natural labor and birth after a previous cesarean section birth. |
| Uteroplacental insufficiency | the placental is not delivering enough oxygen to the fetus. |
| Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) | a labor experience in which the woman attempts to have a natural labor and birth after a previous cesarean section birth. |
Created by:
Jessica Venyke
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