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Microbiology
FA review Round 2 2020
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the main or most common expression of HSV-1 infection? | Herpes labialis (cold sores) |
| Which pathogen is associated with development of "cold sores"? | HSV-1 infection |
| List of conditions caused by a HSV-1 infection? | 1. Herpes labialis (cold sores) 2. Keratoconjunctivitis 3. Temporal lobe encephalitis 4. Gingivostomatitis |
| What is the histolgical description of HSV-1 biopsy? | Multinucleated giant cells and Intranuclear inclusions |
| What is "Transformation"? | Occurs when a cell takes up DNA from a donor cell |
| What is the typical example of "transformation"? | Two types of bacteria are grown in a mixed culture, leading to development of some key (survival or tolerance) features fo the other |
| How does a patient with Coccidioides immitis present? | Dyspnea, cough, fever, unintentional loss of weigh, night sweats, and joint pain |
| What type of patients are most often affected with Coccidioides immitis? | Immunocompromised and elderly |
| What part of the United States is more common to see Coccidioides immitis infections? | Southwestern region of the USA |
| What is the histological description of Coccidioides immitis? | Sphere that is much larger than RBC and is filled with endospores |
| What does SSPE stand for? | Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis |
| SSPE is a severe complication of which viral infection? | Rubeola |
| What is another name for Rubeola? | Measles virus |
| How is SSPE detected? | Presence of Oligoclonal bands in the CSF |
| When should a diagnosis of SSPE be suspected? | 1. Unknown vaccination Hx 2. Immigrant from Endemic area 3. Present with myoclonus and worsening dementia |
| SSPE is a sequela of Rubella or Rubeola infection? | Rubeola |
| What malignancy is strongly associated with EBV? | Burkitt's lymphoma |
| What virus is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma? | EBV |
| What is the structure of EBV? | Linear, double-stranded DNA virus |
| How is Strongyloidiasis clinically presented? | Chronic rash, cough, and eosinophilia |
| What are two ways to diagnose Strongyloidiasis? | 1. Stool examination for Rhabditiform larvae 2. ELISA |
| What is the rash associated with Strongyloidiasis? | Larva currens |
| What is Larva currens? | A mobile urticarial plaques on feet, buttocks, upper thighs, and lower abdomen, associated with Strongyloides infection |
| What causes the larva currens in strongyloidiasis? | Movement of the larvae in the dermis |
| What is the most common pathogen causing bronchitis in children under the age of 5? | RSV |
| To which viral family does RSV belong to? | Paramyxoviridae |
| Pathogenesis of RSV-bronchiolitis | Surface protein F, causes nearby cells to merge and induces the characteristic syncytial appearance |
| What protein is associated with the pathogenesis of RSV bronchiolitis? | Surface protein F |
| What is the most common cause of inflammation of small airways in children under the age of 5? | RSV |
| How is RSV bronchiolitis clinically presented? | Rhinorrhea, cough, fever, and decreased appetite |
| What is the genetic and structural characteristics of RSV? | Enveloped, (-) ss-RNA virus, non-segmented |
| Mumps, Measles, RSV and Parainfluenza viruses are all part of which viral family? | Paramyxoviridae |
| What is SSPE clinical presentation? | Dementia, myoclonus, and personality changes, striking 2-10 years after initial Measles virus infection |
| How is Trichomoniasis infection presented? | Greenish vangial discharge, a friable cervix, adn oval or pear-shaped, flagellated, motile cells on a wet mount |
| What is the 1st line of treatment for Trichomoniasis infection? | Metronidazole |
| What is the typical color of discharge of Trichomonas infection? | Greenish |
| How are the cells on wet mount in a sample of Trichomoniasis? | Oval or pear-shaped, flagellated, and motile cells |
| What is the structural composition of N. meningitidis? | Gram negative diplococcus |
| What are serious complications of N. meningitidis infection? | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC), shock, and adrenal failure (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome) |
| What is a common sign indicating possible meningitidis? | (+) Brudzinski sign |
| What is the Brudzinski sign? | Passive flexion of the neck causing spontaneous hip flexion |
| What condition is indicated with a (+) Brudzinski sign? | Meningitis |
| What is the treatment for PCP? | TMP-SMX |
| What is the typical description of a PCP chest X-ray? | Bilateral, ground glass opacities |
| How is the pneumonia due to Pneumocystis jiroveci infection described? | Diffuse interstitial pneumonia |
| What are the CSF contents of a viral meningitis? | - Elevated WBCs (predominantly lymphocytes) - Elevated protein - Normal glucose |
| Which measurements in CSF of viral meningitis patient are elevated? | WBCs (lymphocytes) and protein |
| How is the CSF glucose level in viral meningitis? | Normal |
| What is the MCC of viral meningitis in healthy children? | Enteroviruses |
| Composition of HCV: | Enveloped, (+)- single-stranded, linear RNA virus |
| To which viral family does HCV pertain to? | Flaviviridae |
| Where do most RNA virus replicate ? | Cytoplasm |
| Which are the RNA viruses that replicate in the Nucleus? | Retroviruses and influenza |
| What is another name for the Fifth disease? | Erythema infectiosum |
| What pathogen infection is responsible for the Fifth disease? | Parvo B19 |
| What is the main description or distinguishing of Fifth disease rash? | "Slapped cheeks" |
| Which condition is associated with "slapped cheek" rash? | Fifth disease |
| Description of appearance of the Erythema infectiosum rash? | Rash that develops after fever has resolved |
| Rash appears 2 days after fever disappear. Dx? | Fifth disease |
| What si the treatment for Erythema infectiosum or Fifth disease? | No drug treatment required |
| How is C. diphtheriae presented? | Pharyngitis and a pseudomembrane on the pharynx |
| What culture medium is used with C. diphtheriae? | Loffler medium in combination with tellurite agar |
| What pathogen is grown or cultured in Loffler medium? | C. diphtheriae |
| What is added to Loffler medium in order to culture a C. diphtheria sample? | Tellurite agar |
| What are some lesser or less distinguishable symptoms of C. diphtheria infection? | Sore throat, cervical lymphadenopathy, and low-grade fever |
| List from most common to least common, the MCC of meningitis in neonates form 0-6 months of age? | GBS > E. coli > Listeria |
| What is the most common cause of meningitis in a baby 4 months old? | GBS |
| What is the mode of action of V. cholerae toxin? | Over-activates adenylyl cyclase by irreversibly and permanently activating Gs |
| What is the structural description and/or composition of V. cholerae? | Motile, comma-shaped organism that does not ferment lactose and is oxidase positive |
| (-) Lactose ferment, (+) oxidase, comma-shaped | V. cholerae |
| Which types of HPV cause Condylomata acuminata? | HPV types 6 & 11 |
| What is a consequence of HPV 6 or HPV 11 infection? | Condylomata acuminata |
| Which HPV types are associated with Cervical dysplasia? | HPV types 16 & 18 |
| What is the condition associated with HPV 16 and HPV 18 infection? | Cervical dysplasia |
| Cervical dysplasia is caused by HPV 6/11 or HPV 16/18? | HPV types 16 & 18 |
| Condylomata acuminata is caused by HPV 6/11 or HPV 16/18? | HPV types 6 & 11 |
| What clinical symptoms associated with Malaria infection? | Relapsing fever, headaches, anemia, and splenomegaly |
| What type of "-megaly" is seen with Malaria? | Splenomegaly |
| How is the fever in Malaria described or characterized? | Relapsing fever |
| A person returning from Africa, should raise suspicion of which pathogenic infection? | Malaria |
| What condition is caused by protozoan infection by Plasmodium species? | Malaria |
| Which organism is causative of Malaria? | Plasmodium |
| What is seen in PBS of Malaria patient? | Trophozoite ring formed within the RBC |
| Histological view shows an RBC with a ring formed inside. Dx? | Malaria |
| What is the major risk for Pseudomona-induced osteomyelitis? | IV drug use |
| IV drug use poses a major risk factor for which infectious organism to cause Osteomyelitis? | Pseudomonas |
| What causes Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)? | Massive cytokine release in response to an endotoxin |
| What are the main clinical symptoms that accompany Staphylococcal TSS? | Systematic fever, hypotension, and involvement of multiple organ systems |
| What is the key description of the rash formed by Staphylococcal Toxic shock syndrome? | Sunburn-like rash |
| What is the exotoxin released by B. anthracis? | Edema factor |
| Which organism secretes Edema factor? | B. anthracis |
| What other infection has a similar exotoxin mechanism of action as B. anthracis? | V. cholerae |
| How does the Edema factor of B. anthracis work? | Mimics adenylate cyclase leading to increase cAMP |
| Which level is increased by Edema factor, cAMP or cGMP? | cAMP |
| Against which virulence factor does the H. influenza type B vaccine create antibodies? | Polyribosylribitol pyrophosphate, which compromises the type B capsule |
| Which H. influenza type has a vaccine already? | Type B |
| What is the most common cause of epiglottitis in an unvaccinated person? | H. influenza type B infection |
| What are the X-ray findings of Epiglottitis? | Thumbprint sign and aryepiglottic folds |
| Structural composition and category of H. influenzae? | Gram (-) coccobacillus |
| On which type of patients does Candida stomatitis often present? | Immunocompromised |
| What are the symptoms seen in Candida stomatitis? | Dysphagia, sore throat, and white friable plaques |
| What is the used to treat Candida stomatitis? | Nystatin |
| What is the term to describe the mode of use of Nystatin? | "Swish and Swallow" |
| Is nystatin used for local infections or disseminated infections? | Local infections |
| What is the MOA of Nystatin? | Bind to ergosterol and forming pores in its membrane |
| Structural composition of Viridans streptococci | Gram (+), catalase negative, a-hemolytic, and Optochin resistant |
| Is Viridans streptococci Optochin resistant or Optochin sensitive? | Optochin resistant |
| Which a-hemolytic gram (+) bacterial is known to be Optochin sensitive? | Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| Which are relevant cases that produce Subacute endocarditis by S. viridans infection? | Previously diseased heart valves and recent dental procedures |
| What is the overall description of the structure and genome of Adenoviruses? | Linear, double stranded-DNA virus |
| What is the most relevant clinical condition caused by Adenovirus? | Highly contagious, self-limited Keratoconjunctivitis |
| What is a common cause of viral keratoconjunctivitis? | Adenovirus |
| What are the typical complications of Mumps? | Parotiditis, Orquitis, Pancreatitis, and meningitis |
| What causes epigastric pain in Mumps? | Pancreatitis |
| A patient presented with epigastric pain, submandibular bilateral inflammation, and meningitis. Dx? | Mumps |
| What are the 4 D's of Botulism in adults? | Diplopia Dysarthria Dysphagia Dyspnea |
| What causes Botulism? | Heat labile toxin produced by C. botulinum, which blocks the release ACh at NMJ, resulting of descending flaccid paralysis |
| What neurotransmitter is blocked by Botulism? | ACh |
| How is the paralysis caused by Botulism described? | Descining flaccid paralysis |
| Condition in which an exotoxin blocks the release of ACh at the NMJ. Dx? | Botulism |
| What is the most common pathogen causative of Bacterial endocarditis in IV drug users? | S. aureus |
| What is the 3rd most common cause of neonatal meningitis? | Listeria monocytogenes |
| What are the CSF findings or neonatal listeria meningitis? | Elevated ICP, elevated [protein], increased WBC count, and LOW glucose |
| Gram (+) rods. Common cause of neonatal meningitis? | Listeria monocytogenes |
| Description of Listeria monocytogenes structure and composition | Gram (+) rods; facultative intracellular bacteria |
| How does LIsteria monocytogenes meningitis distinguish itself form other bacterial and fungal causes? | It lacks production of a capsule |
| To which viral family does Rubella belong? | Togaviridae |
| Common Togavirus? | Rubella |
| What was the old name of Rubella? | German (3-day) measles |
| What are clinical features of Rubella? | 1. Maculopapular rash extending from face to the body 2. Postauricular lymphadenopathy |
| What is the featured area of lymphadenopathy seen in Rubella infection? | Postauricular lymphadenopathy |
| Which type of persons should raise suspicion of possible Rubella infection? | Unvaccinated |
| Maculopapular rash, developing nearly 3 days after fever subsides. Dx? | Rubella infection |
Created by:
rakomi
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