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Biology Unit 9

Meiosis and Genetics

TermDefinition
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Chromosomes that are similar in size
how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have 23
FERTILIZATION Joining of egg and sperm
ZYGOTE what is a fertilized egg
the goal of mitosis is to make what kind of cells body cells
goal of meiosis is to make what kind of cells sex cells
SOMATIC CELL Any body cell except the sex cells. These cells have two sets of chromosomes.
GAMETE A sex cell that has half of the chromosomes.
DIPLOID Cells with two full sets of chromosomes.
HAPLOID Cells with one set of chromosomes.
SKIN HAIR MUSCLE NERVE CELLS are what kind of cells body or somatic or diploid
EGG & SPERM are what kind of cells gametes or sex or haploid
what are pairs of chromosomes 1 - 22 called? AUTOSOMES
what do autosomes determine everything about you but your sex - eye color
what are the sex chromosomes the 23rd pair of chromosomes. This pair determines your sex
what are the chromosomes for female XX
what are the chromosomes for a male XY
Karyotype the picture of the chromosomes in a cell
advantage of meiosis over mitosis genetic diversity
3 ways meiosis gives genetic diversity random fertilization independent assortment crossing over
when homologous chromosomes do a little swapping crossing over
when the chromosomes line up differently every time independent assortment
when the egg and sperm get genes by chance random fertilization
mitosis will make how many daughter cells 2
mitosis will make daughter cells that look ____ because____ just like the parent cell (exact copies)because they have the same genetic material
meiosis will make how many daughter cells 4
meiosis will make daughter cells that look ______ different than the parent cell because they have half genetic material
how many times does the cell divide in mitosis 1
how many times does the cell divide in meiosis 2
disjunction when meiosis goes right and the chromosomes separate and go into their 4 cells
nondisjunction when the chromosomes fail to split right and a sex ends up missing a chromosome or getting too many
XO Syndrome female gets only one X chromosome
Trisomy when a human gets 3 copies of a chromosome
gene segment of DNA that codes for a protein (that gives a trait)
allele the alternate forms of a a gene A or a (always the same letter)
Homozygous (purebred) the alleles are the same (prefix homo means same). AA or aa
heterozygous (hybrid) the alleles are different (prefix hetero means different) Aa
Dominant this trait will be seen when present (it is the bully). AA or Aa (dimples)
recessive trait only seen when no dominants around -paired with another recessive aa
genotype the actual genes AA Aa aa
phenotype the PHYSICAL trait you see - the trait Dimples curly Tall
Punnett Square the box used to predict probability of offspring when crossing parents
genetics study heredity or passing traits
Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel and his pea plants
Law of Segregation the 2 alleles we have seperate (or segregate themselves) during meiosis)
Law of Independent Assortment the traits do not influence each other hair eyes blood type - not connected
Environment can change how the trait is expressed or shown (bad eating etc)
probability the Punnett Square only shows the likelihood that an event will occur
monohybrid cross a cross that involves one pair of traits
to determine the unknown genotype of an organism do a test cross
doing a test cross with something what should you cross it with a recessive organism - because you know its genotype (there is only one way to get it)
complete dominance when one wins over another tall and short
incomplete dominance when the dominant doesn't fully win and there is a new trait showing - red and white flowers- you get pink
codominance Two different dominant traits so they both show the trait - AB blood type
Sickle cell anemia example of incomplete dominance Normal - Carrier - Sickle cell -
Multiple Alleles a gene that more than 2 forms of the gene - like blood
Type O Blood No antigens
Type A Blood A antigens
Type B Blood B antigens
Type AB Blood Both A and B antigens
Polygenic Traits poly (means many) so traits controlled by many genes eye color skin hair color
medium skin tone genotype AaBbCc
two parents with medium skin tone their children would wide variety of form light to dark - most likely Medium
sex linked traits or x linked traits located on the X chromosome
why do they occur more in men they only have 1 X chromosome - so if it has a mistake - there is NO backup
examples of sex linked traits color blinded hemophilia muscular dystrophy
color blinded very common and is recessive to normal vision
hemophilia sex linked recessive (bleeding disorder) women are called carriers if they have 1 copy
autosomal disorders travel on chromosomes 1 - 22
Huntington's Disease Autosomal Dominant (only one of these) eats the brain away in middle age 1/10000
Cystic Fibrosis Autosomal Recessive mucus in lungs
Sickle cell anemia Autosomal Recessive but incomplete dominance blood circulation
Tay-Sachs Autosomal Recessive but looks ok then at 3 CNS shuts down dead by 3 1/1600 Jewish descent
PKU Autosomal Recessive body can't break down amino acid bad 1/15000 whites and Asians
Hemophilia X Linked blood won't clot 1/7000
Muscular Dystrophy X Linked wasting away of muscles 1/3500 males
color blind X Linked can't tell colors (red/green most common) 1/12 males 1/200 females
pedigree study patterns of phenotypic inheritance
in the pedigree males are what shape square
in the pedigree females are what shape circles
in the pedigree a shaded individual has the trait
in the pedigree a half shaded individual is a carrier
how do you know if a pattern is autosomal same number of females and males
how do you know if a pattern is sex linked more men have it
how do you know if a pattern is dominant every child should have at least one parent with it
how do you know if a pattern is recessive if both parents are normal - not shaded
Created by: jkennedy2
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