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Sense & Electric sig
Electrical Signals/Brain and Sense Organs
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| Dendrites | part of a neuron that functions in receiving information from axons. | |
| Axon – | part of the neuron that functions in sending information. | |
| Action Potential– | is a transient alteration of the membrane potential across an excitable membrane in an excitable cell generated by the activity of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in the membrane. | |
| Membrane Potential (negative and positive) is the voltage difference(or electrical potential difference) between the interior and exterior of a cell. | is the voltage difference(or electrical potential difference) between the interior and exterior of a cell. | |
| Sodium Potassium Pump | ATP powered pumps that allow remove three sodium ions for every intake of two potassium ion. | |
| Sodium or Potassium Channels | are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conduction sodium or potassium ions through a cell plasma membrane. They are often classified according to the trigger that opens the channel for such an ion, i.e. either a voltage | |
| Resting Potential | a relatively stable, ground, value of transmembrane voltage in cells( | |
| Threshold Potential | is the membrane potential to which a membrane must be depolarized to initiate an action potential. | |
| Depolarization | a change in membrane potential caused by the influx of a cation (namely Na +or Ca 2+) that cause the cell to become less negative. | |
| Repolarization | the change in membrane potential caused by the efflux of potassium or the influx of chloride anions from the cell that causes it to return to a negative value after depolarization. | |
| Hyperpolarization | is a change in membrane potential brought about by efflux of potassium or the influx of chloride ions that lowers cell voltage below its resting potential. | |
| Schwann Cell | is a glial cell that keeps peripherial nerve fibres alive. It is a component of the Mylin sheath. | |
| Myelin Sheath | A layer that usually forms around the axon of a neuron that is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Myelin provide insulation to axons of the PNS. They increase the speed at which impulses propagate along the myelinated fiber. | |
| Saltatory Conduction | is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials without needing to increase the diameter of an axon. | |
| Neurotransmitter (Excitatory vs Inhibitory) | neurotransmitters are chemicals our body uses to relay information and communicate with itself. Neurotransmitters control the on/off switches of the nervous system, but the concept is not quite that simple. | Some neurotransmitters are more likely to facilitate the transmission of certain messages and are considered “excitatory”. Likewise, some neurotransmitters are more likely to impede the transmission of certain messages and are considered “inhibitory”. |
| Synapse – | the point where the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron meet. | |
| Nerve Net | a simple type of nervous system that is found in members of the cnidaria and echinodermata phyla. Nerve nets consist of interconnected neurons lacking a brain or any form of cephalization. | It allows these organisms to respond to their environment but in rudimentary ways. |
| Neuropil | A dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, fibrils, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the nerve cells in the gray matter of the central nervous system. | |
| CNS vs PNS | central nervous system(CNS) are key sites of integration in our nervous system namely the brain and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system(PNS) involves everything outside of the brain and the spinal cord. | |
| Nerve vs Tract | A tract is a collection of nerve fibers (axons) in the central nervous system. A nerve is a collection of nerve fibers (axons) in the peripheral nervous system. | |
| Nucleus vs Ganglion | In the CNS, collections of neurons are called nuclei. In the PNS, collections of neurons are called ganglia. | |
| Afferent | neurons that move toward the CNS are said to be afferent( sensory neurons). | |
| Efferent | Neurons that are efferent move away from the CNS (motor neurons). | |
| Rhodopsin | is a pigment of the retina that is responsible for both the formation of the photoreceptor cells and the first event in the perception of light. | |
| Kinocilium | (kinocilium is a special structure on the apex of hair cells located in the sensory epithelium of the vertebrate inner ear.) | |
| Stereocilia | are mechanosensing organelles of hair cells, which respond to fluid motion or pressure changes in numerous types of animals for various functions, primarily hearing.) | |
| Electroreception | is the biological ability to perceive electrical impulses. | |
| Cochlea | is the auditory part of the inner ear | |
| Cell Body | part of the neuron that integrates information received as well as sends information. |
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