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S1, SY 20-21
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| abiotic factor | any nonliving factor in the environment |
| activation energy | the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction |
| aerobic respiration | the oxygen-dependent process in which pyruvate (from glucose) is completely broken down into carbon dioxide to produce large amounts of ATP; occurs in the mitochondria |
| amino acid | carbon compounds that are the monomers (or building blocks), held together by peptide bonds, that make up proteins |
| anaerobic respiration | the oxygen-independent process in which glucose is partially broken down into pyruvate to produce small amounts of ATP; occurs in the cytoplasm |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate; energy carrying biological molecule which fuels cellular activities; a specialized nucleotide |
| autotroph | an organism that captures energy to produce its own food; also called a producer |
| biogeochemical cycle | the recycling of matter through the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere; fueled by energy from the sun |
| biological community | a group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic place at the same time |
| biological population | a group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same geographic place at the same time |
| biomacromolecule | a large biological molecule formed by joining smaller organic molecules together |
| biomagnification | the increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels increase in food chains |
| biotic factor | any living factor in the environment |
| carbohydrate | a biomacromolecule containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom; primary energy source for all organisms |
| catalyst | a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy |
| cell | the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms |
| cell membrane | the flexible, selectively permeable boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell; also called the plasma membrane |
| cellular respiration | the metabolic pathway in which organic molecules (glucose) are broken down to release energy (ATP) for use by the cell |
| chloroplast | the organelle found in autotrophs that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy (glucose) through the process of photosynthesis |
| consumer | an organism that cannot make its own food and instead gets its nutrients and energy requirements by feeding on other organisms; also called a heterotroph |
| detritivore | a heterotroph that decomposes organic material and returns the nutrients to the soil, air, and water, making the nutrients available to other organisms; also called decomposer |
| ecosystem | a biological community and all the abiotic factors that affect it |
| enzyme | a protein that acts as a biological catalyst |
| feedback loop | the process of collecting information and comparing it to a set of ideal values in order to maintain homeostasis |
| food chain | a simple model that shows a single possible path in which energy and matter flow through an ecosystem from producer to apex predator |
| food web | a complex model that shows many interconnected food chains and possible pathways in which energy and matter flow through an ecosystem from producer to apex predator |
| heterotroph | an organism that cannot make its own food and instead gets its nutrients and energy requirements by feeding on other organisms; also called a consumer |
| homeostasis | the regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions needed to support life |
| hydrocarbon | an organic molecule composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen |
| lipid | a hydrophobic biomacromolecule composed mostly of hydrocarbons; used for energy storage, cell membranes, and water-proofing |
| mitochondria | the organelles that convert pyruvate (from glucose) into ATP through the process of aerobic respiration |
| negative feedback | a feedback loop that adjusts an organism's internal conditions back toward initial ideal conditions |
| nitrogen fixation | the process in which nitrogen gas (diatomic nitrogen) is captures and converted into a form plants can use |
| nucleic acid | a complex biomacromolecule that stores and communicates genetic information; comprises DNA and RNA |
| nucleotide | a monomer (or subunit) of nucleic acids, formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| organism | a single living (or once living) being |
| phospholipid | a biomolecule that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group; comprises the phospholipid bilayer (also known as the cell membrane) |
| photosynthesis | the metabolic pathway in which light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose |
| polymer | a large molecule formed from smaller repeating units of identical, or nearly identical, compounds called monomers |
| positive feedback | a feedback loop that increase the rate of change of an organism's internal conditions away from the initial ideal conditions |
| producer | an organism that captures energy to produce its own food; also called an autotroph |
| protein | a biomacromolecule made of amino acid monomers joined by peptide bonds; the primary building block of organisms |
| transpiration | the process in which water evaporates from the inside of plants |
| trophic level | each step in a food chain or food web |
| quantitative data | data reported in numbers |
| qualitative data | information describing physical characteristics |
| control group | the group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment (the independent variable) |
| experimental group | the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested |
| independent variable | the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied; this is graphed on the x-axis |
| dependent variable | the observable effect, outcome, or response in which the experiment is interested; this is graphed on the y-axis |
Created by:
m.younk
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