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7. Cell Respiration
AP Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acetyl CoA | combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and coenzyme A, which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin) |
| aerobic respiration | process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen |
| anaerobic | process that does not use oxygen |
| anaerobic cellular respiration | process in which organisms convert energy for their use in the absence of oxygen |
| ATP synthase (F1F0 ATP synthase) | membrane-embedded protein complex that adds a phosphate to ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it |
| chemiosmosis | process in which there is a production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cellular metabolism by the involvement of a proton gradient across a membrane |
| citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) | series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells |
| dephosphorylation | removal of a phosphate group from a molecule |
| fermentation | process of regenerating NAD+ with either an inorganic or organic compound serving as the final electron acceptor; occurs in the absence of oxygen |
| GLUT protein | integral membrane protein that transports glucose |
| glycolysis | process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH |
| isomerase | enzyme that converts a molecule into its isomer |
| Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) | alternate name for the citric acid cycle, named after Hans Krebs who first identified the steps in the pathway in the 1930s in pigeon flight muscles; see citric acid cycle |
| oxidative phosphorylation | production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis and oxygen |
| phosphorylation | addition of a high-energy phosphate to a compound, usually a metabolic intermediate, a protein, or ADP |
| prosthetic group (also prosthetic cofactor) | molecule bound to a protein that facilitates the function of the protein |
| pyruvate | three-carbon sugar that can be decarboxylated and oxidized to make acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions; the end product of glycolysis |
| redox reaction | chemical reaction that consists of the coupling of an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | production of ATP from ADP using the excess energy from a chemical reaction and a phosphate group from a reactant |
| TCA cycle (also, citric acid cycle) | alternate name for the citric acid cycle, named after the group name for citric acid, tricarboxylic acid (TCA); see citric acid cycle |
| ubiquinone | soluble electron transporter in the electron transport chain that connects the first or second complex to the third |
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