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Pharmacology
FA review Round 2 2020
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the MOA of Cromolyn Sodium? | Directly bind to most cells, thereby preventing their granulation and release of Histamines and Leukotrienes |
| How do Cromolyn sodium work? | Treat the inflammation and bronchoconstriction at the airway that is characteristic of mild resistant asthma |
| What is the main use for Cromolyn sodium? | Asthma prophylaxis |
| What medications can cause IgE-independent mast cell degranulation? | Vancomycin, Opioids, and Radiocontrast dye |
| What drug is used to treat IgE-independent mast cells degranulation? | Cromolyn sodium |
| What is the MOA of Omalizumab? | Binds most unbound serum IgE and blocks binding to FcERI |
| What is the clinical use of Omalizumab? | Allergic asthma with elevated IgE levels resistant to inhaled corticosteroids and long-acring B2-agonists |
| What drug is used in recurrent allergic asthma, that is resistant to typical or normal treatment options? | Omalizumab |
| What is Liddle Syndrome? | Genetic disorder that involves the constitutive activation of the epithelial Sodium channels in the Collecting ducts of the kidney |
| What part of the nephron is involved in Liddle syndrome? | Collecting tubules of kidney |
| Which channels are affected in Liddle syndrome? | Sodium channels in the Collecting tubules of the kidney |
| How are the epithelial Na+ channels of the collecting tubules affected in Liddle syndrome? | Constitutively activated |
| Does Liddle syndrome lead to hypertension or hypotension? | Hypertension |
| What are the clinical characteristics of Liddle syndrome? | 1. Hypertension 2. Low levels of renin and angiotensin 3. Excess reabsorption of Na+ 4. Loss of reabsorption of K+ |
| What diuretic is used to treat Liddle syndrome? | Triamterene and Amiloride |
| What are common diuretics the inhibit the ENaC? | Triamterene and Amiloride |
| What electrolyte imbalances are present in Liddle syndrome? | Hypokalemia and Metabolic alkalosis |
| MOA of Triamterene and Amiloride | Inhibition of ENaC in the Collecting tubules of the kidney |
| What is the effect of Norepinephrine in the heart dynamics? | Increases venous return to the HEART, leading in stroke volume increase |
| How does NE affect the venous return to the heart? | Increases |
| Is Stroke Volume (SV) increased or decreased by Norepinephrine? | Increased |
| What is a common effect or phenomenon on HR with Norepinephrine? | Reflex bradycardia effect of Norepinephrine |
| Which catecholamine is known to cause a reflex decrease in heart rate? | Norepinephrine |
| What is the treatment of choice of Acute Allergic conjunctivitis? | Topical antihistamines |
| What is the mode of action Topical antihistamines? | Block H1-receptors, reducing the available histamine and thus decrease symptoms associated with allergic conjunctivitis |
| What are the classic signs of Opioid toxicity? | Pinpoint (miosis) pupils, respiratory depression, and coma |
| How are symptoms of Opioid toxicity caused? | Agonist activity at opiois of endogenous opioid u-receptors in the CNS |
| What is used to treat Opioid toxicity? | Naloxone |
| What is the MOA of Naloxone? | Pure opioid antagonist |
| What are examples of monoclonal antibodies against VEGF/ | Ranibizumab and Bevacizumab |
| MOA of Bevacizumab: | Monoclonal antibody against VEGF |
| What are common cancers often treated with Bevacizumab? | Colon, lung, and breast cancers |
| What other, non-neoplastic, condition is treated with Monoclonal antibodies against VEGF? | Exudative (wet) age-related macular degeneration |
| What drug is most commonly used to treat Exudative age-related macular degeneration? | Ranibizumab |
| What are the main adverse effects produced by Protease inhibitors? | GI intolerance and Lipodystrophy |
| A person on HART is described with atypical fat distribution, is probably taking what type of antiviral medication? | Protease inhibitor |
| What is the suffix used for al Protease inhibitors? | -navir |
| If an antiviral's nomenclature ends in "-navir", it is safe to assume: | 1. Protease inhibitor 2. Adverse effect ---> Lipodystrophy |
| What is the MOA of Infliximab? | binds to and neutralizes the inflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha |
| What cytokine is blocked or inhibited by Infliximab? | TNF-alpha |
| Which condition is classically seen with high levels of TNF-alpha in the stool due to treatment with Infliximab? | Crohn disease |
| MOA of Clarithromycin and Erythromycin: | bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein synthesis |
| What is the most common use for Clarithromycin/ Erythromycin? | Atypical pneumonia |
| What type of antibiotics used to treat atypical pneumonia most commonly? | Macrolides |
| Macrolides include: | Clarithromycin and Erythromycin |
| Onto which ribosomal subunit do Macrolides bind to in order to prevent bacterial protein synthesis? | 50S ribosomal subunit |
| Macrolides are CYP450 system inducers or inhibitors? | Inhibitor |
| Why does co-administration of a Macrolide and a statin, is to be closely observed? | Both are CYP450 system inhibitors, leading to drug toxicity |
| Reducing or Oxidizing agents. Sulfonamides? | Oxidizing |
| What hematologic condition is often precipitated be the use of sulfonamides, leading to eventual hemolysis? | G6PD deficiency |
| Reducing or Oxidizing agent. N-acetylcysteine? | Reducing |
| How is Acetaminophen toxicity clinically presented? | Most of the time asymptomatic; if symptomatic it present with: N/V, scleral icterus, RUQ pain, and elevated LFT within 24 hours from ingestion |
| What is used to treat Acetaminophen toxicity? | N-acetylcysteine |
| How does N-acetylcysteine work? | Generates Glutathione that binds to the toxic NAQI generated |
| What medication is known to generate Glutathione and bind to to toxic NAQI? | N-acetylcysteine |
| N-acetylcysteine is most effective in treating Acetaminophen overdose if given: | Within the 8 hours from ingestion |
| What are associated adverse effects of Digoxin? | 1. Blurry and yellow vision 2. Hyperkalemia 3. ECG abnormalities 4. N/V/Diarrhea |
| Process of treating Digoxin toxicity? | 1. Normalization of electrolytes (hyperkalemia) 2. Administration of Lidocaine, 3. Digoxin immune Fab 4. Mg2+ |
| Digoxin toxicity causes Hyperkalemia or Hypokalemia? | Hyperkalemia |
| Elevated serum K+ levels are often seen in what cardiac medication toxicity? | Digoxin |
| Common drug used to treat Hypertensive Emergency? | Sodium Nitroprusside |
| How does Sodium Nitroprusside work? | Dilates arteries and veins and can be titrated easily because it is administered parentally |
| A patient given Sodium-Nitroprusside is probably diagnosed with? | Hypertensive Emergency |
| MOA of Clonidine: | Agonism of presynaptic alpha-2 receptors in the CNS neurons |
| At which part of the body, does Clonidine work? | CNS neurons |
| How does Clonidine produce anti-hypertensive actions? | Inhibits sympathetic outflow, peripheral resistance, and renal vascular resistance, leading to a decrease HR and BP |
| Which adrenergic receptors are stimulated by Clonidine? | Alpha-2 |
| Is Clonidine an Alpha-1 or Alpha-2 agonist/antagonist? | Alpha-2 agonist |
| Very common alpha-2 agonist, used as a patch, to reduce hypertension? | Clonidine |
| What are clinical features seen with Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome? | Agitation, fevers, muscle rigidity, and myoglobinuria |
| What is the nephrotic manifestation of Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome? | Myoglobinuria |
| What medications cause Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome? | Anti-psychotics medication, as they block Dopamine receptors |
| Haloperidol, is often causative of which severe adverse syndrome? | Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome |
| What receptors are blocked by antipsychotic medications? | Dopamine receptors |
| What is the treatment for NMS (Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome)? | 1. Benzodiazepines 2. Dantrolene or Bromocriptine |
| What condition is often treated with Dantrolene? | Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome |
| Bromocriptine is often used to treat: | Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome |
| What is a common neoplasm treated with Recombinant IL-2? | Renal cell carcinoma |
| What is a common Recombinant IL-2 drug? | Aldesleukin |
| What is the MOA of Aldesleukin? | Recombinant IL-2 |
| What activity can increase or potentiate Benzodiazepine overdose? | Alcohol ingestion |
| What is the treatment of choice for Benzodiazepine toxicity? | Flumazenil |
| What is the MOA of Flumazenil? | Competitive antagonist of GABA receptors |
| What is the 1st line of treatment for Testicular carcinoma? | Bleomycin |
| What is the main associated adverse effect of high doses of Bleomycin? | Pulmonary fibrosis |
| MOA of Bleomycin: | Induces free radical formation which leads to breaks in DNA strands |
| What testicular cancer drug is associated with Pulmonary fibrosis? | Bleomycin |
| Leuprolide is an: | GnRH analogue |
| Common GnRH analogue used in Prostate cancer treatment, and used in a continuous-fashion? | Leuprolide |
| What is the main clinical use for Leuprolide? | Prostate cancer |
| If Leuprolide is used in a Pulsatile form, it is most likely to treat? | Infertility |
| Is Leuprolide used continuously or pulsatile in treating Infectivity? | Pulsatile |
| Leuprolide causes the decrease synthesis of: | Sex steroids |
| What is the preferred treatment of Lyme disease in pregnant women and children < 8 years of age? | Amoxicillin |
| Preferred treatment option for Lyme disease in people over the age of 8? | Doxycycline |
| What pathogen causes Lyme disease? | Borrelia burgdorferi |
| What are the two types of HIT? | 1. Not antibody mediated 2. Formation of Heparin antibodies |
| What is a possible consequence of HIT? | intravascular thrombosis (veins and arteries) |
| If platelet count do not fall below 100K, it is more likely to be HIT type 1 or HIT type 2? | HIT type 1 |
| Which HIT type is characterized by antibody formation and PC falling below 100, 000? | HIT type 2 |
| What type of diuretics are used to treat Pulmonary edema due to Heart failure? | Loop diuretics |
| A patient with long-standing congestive heart failure, develops dyspnea and tachypnea, and auscultation shows fluid in lungs. What is the most likely diuretic used to treat the abnormal lung findings? | Loop diuretics |
Created by:
rakomi
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